Responding to massification : differentiation in postsecondary education worldwide / edited by Philip G. Altbach (Center for International Higher Education, Boston College, USA), Liz Reisberg (Center for International Higher Education, Boston College, USA) and Hans de Wit (Center for International Higher Education, Boston College, USA).

Intro
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
ABOUT THE SPONSORS
GERMAN RECTORS' CONFERENCE
KÖRBER FOUNDATION
UNIVERSITÄT HAMBURG
ABOUT THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION (CIHE)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
MASSIFICATION
DIVERSITY WITHOUT DIFFERENTIATION
PUBLIC-PRIVATE
DIFFERENTIATION IN THE TRADITIONAL UNIVERSITY SECTOR
BEYOND THE TRADITIONAL UNIVERSITY
THE CHALLENGES OF DESIGN
STRATEGY VERSUS ANARCHY
A WAY FORWARD
1. THE NECESSITY AND REALITY OF DIFFERENTIATED POSTSECONDARY SYSTEMS
THE ROLE OF THE RESEARCH UNIVERSITY
A KEY CHALLENGE: DIVERSIFICATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY
THE REVOLUTION OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR
THE CRISIS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ACCREDITATION
SYSTEM DESIGN-CALIFORNIA AND BEYOND
CLASSIFICATION OR RANKING?
DIVERSIFICATION VERSUS DIFFERENTIATION
BLUEPRINTS FOR THE FUTURE
REFERENCES
2. DIVERSIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION: WHAT THERESEARCH SHOWS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
HORIZONTAL VS. VERTICAL DIFFERENTIATION
ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
AFRICA
3. DIFFERENTIATED POSTSECONDARY SYSTEMS AND THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY: THE CASE OF EGYPT
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE POSTSECONDARY SYSTEM
THE EGYPTIAN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION SYSTEM
MASSIFICATION CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES
ROADMAP FOR THE TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (TVET)
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ACCREDITATION EFFORTS
THE EGYPTIAN KNOWLEDGE BANK (EKB)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
4. DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN THE POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION SECTOR IN GHANA
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF THE EDUCATION STRUCTURE
TYPOLOGY OF THE POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION SECTOR
ENROLLMENT DATA
PARTICIPATION AND EQUITY OF ACCESS
QUALITY ASSURANCE MECHANISMS
INSTITUTIONAL AUTONOMY AND ACADEMIC FREEDOM.

ACADEMIC STAFF PROFILES
PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN THE POSTSECONDARY SECTOR
SYSTEM DIFFERENTIATION
RESEARCH AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ASIA & AUSTRALASIA
5. INSTITUTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION IN AUSTRALIAN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION: HIT AND MISS
INTRODUCTION
TERTIARY EDUCATION
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (VET)
HOW AUSTRALIA GOT TO WHERE IT IS: PLANNED CHANGE, STALEMATES AND IDEOLOGY
DIFFERENTIATION IN VET: THE HALFWAY HOUSE
A BRIEF REFLECTION ON SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGE
THE MODERN AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH UNIVERSITY
REFERENCES
6. A DIFFERENTIATED POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION SYSTEM IN MAINLAND CHINA
THE CURRENT POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW
CHINESE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM AND ITS RECENT UNPRECEDENTED EXPANSION
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHINESE SYSTEM BEFORE THE RAPID EXPANSION
A NEW ERA: HIGHER EDUCATION EXPANSION SINCE 1990S
TYPES OF HEIS IN THE DIFFERENTIATED HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM
NATIONAL AND LOCAL HEIS
REGULAR HEIS AND ADULT HEIS
THE ELITE UNIVERSITY SECTOR
NON-PUBLIC SECTOR: PRIVATE HEIS AND INDEPENDENT COLLEGES
THE ROLE OF RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES IN A DIFFERENTIATED SYSTEM
NOTE
REFERENCES
7. INDIA'S GROWTH OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION: SCALE, SPEED AND FAULT LINES
INTRODUCTION
ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE
REGULATORY AND FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS
SIZE AND GROWTH
INSTITUTIONS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE
UNIVERSITIES
COLLEGES
STAND-ALONE INSTITUTIONS
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTES
OTHER MODES OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (VET)
KEY FEATURES OF GROWTH
MULTIPLE FAULT LINES
DEMAND-SUPPLY MISMATCH
FRAGMENTED ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE
LACK OF AUTONOMY, QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE CULTURE
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES.

8. THE CONSEQUENCES OF MARKET-BASED MASS POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION: JAPAN'S CHALLENGES
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM
UNIVERSITIES
JUNIOR COLLEGES
COLLEGES OF TECHNOLOGY
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING COLLEGES
POLICY SHIFTS
CURRENT POLICY DEBATES FOR FURTHER DIFFERENTIATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
EUROPE
9. DEMOCRATIZATION OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION IN FRANCE: DIVERSE AND COMPLEMENTARY INSTITUTIONS
EVOLUTION OF THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
PETIT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR
THE ELITE INSTITUTIONS
THE END OF THE CENTRAL ROLE OF THE PUBLIC UNIVERSITY IN FRENCH HE?
THE HE PRIVATIZATION TREND
RATIONALIZATION AND CONVERGENCE OF THE MODELS OF GRANDES ÉCOLES AND UNIVERSITIES
THE REGULATORY ROLE OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
CONCLUSION
NOTE
REFERENCES
10. THE EXPANSION AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION IN GERMANY
INTRODUCTION: POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION IN GERMANY
THE EXPANSION OF PARTICIPATION
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF GERMAN HIGHER EDUCATION
CURRENT TRENDS OF INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSION
NOTE
REFERENCES
11. DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY IN THE STRUCTURE OF RUSSIAN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN RUSSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION: SOVIET ERA
END OF THE 20TH CENTURY: NEW ROUND OF MASSIFICATION
THE CONSEQUENCES OF MASSIFICATION IN RUSSIA
CONTEMPORARY HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN RUSSIA
UNIVERSITIES WITH SPECIAL STATUS
POLICY SHIFTS IN SUPPORT OF MASSIFICATION
AUTONOMY ISSUES
QUALITY ASSURANCE MECHANISMS
THE POSITION AND ROLE OF RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES
CONCLUSION
NOTES
REFERENCES
12. UNITED KINGDOM: FROM BINARY TO CONFUSION
INTRODUCTION
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE UK
POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE UK TODAY.

GOVERNANCE
ACCESS
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND RANKINGS
THE ROLE OF RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
LATIN AMERICA
13. BRAZILIAN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATIONIN THE 21ST CENTURY: A CONSERVATIVE MODERNIZATION
EXPANSION AND FAILED DIVERSIFICATION
THE LEGACY OF THE PAST
THE CONTEMPORARY INSTITUTIONAL LANDSCAPE
CHANGES IN THE POLICY FRAMEWORK FROM THE BEGINNING OF 2000S
GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DYNAMICS
RESEARCH
LIMITED DIFFERENTIATION
CONCLUSION
NOTES
REFERENCES
14. AGAINST ALL ODDS: HOW CHILE DEVELOPED A SUCCESSFUL TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL SECTOR IN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION
ORIGINS, STRUCTURE, AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NON-UNIVERSITY SECTOR
The transition to mass higher education: The contribution of the technical and vocational sector
REFERENCES
NORTH AMERICA
15. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
INTRODUCTION
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN AMERICAN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION
PRIVATIZATION
REGULATION
KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMIES AND RESEARCH
HIGHER EDUCATION'S CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
16. MASSIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION: A MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE?
THE PRESSURES OF MASSIFICATION
DIFFERENTIATION: SCOPE AND CHALLENGES
EXPANDING OPPORTUNITY: THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND PRIVATIZATION
DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY SECTOR
BEYOND THE TRADITIONAL UNIVERSITY
THE CHALLENGES OF DESIGN
STRATEGY VERSUS ANARCHY
CONCLUDING REMARKS
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON HIGHER EDUCATION.