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Table of Contents
Cover
Contents
List of Illustrations
Maps
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Note on Translations
Introduction
1. Recontextualizing Israel's Encounter with the Roman Empire in the Longue Durée
2. A Survey of Scholarship on "Rome and Jerusalem"
3. Responses to Empire: Theory, Terminology, and Method
Empire, Imperialism, and Imperial Ideology
Analyzing Responses to Empire: Coping with Diversity
Jewish Responses to the Roman Empire
Chapter 1 Coping with Empires before Rome: From Assyria to the Hellenistic Kingdoms
1. The Neo-Assyrian Empire
1.1 The Nature of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism
1.2 The Legacy of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism in the Bible
The Notion of a Universal God
God's Kingdom and Divine Kingship
The Covenant between God and Israel
Specific Laws of the Covenant
Human Kingship
2. The Neo-Babylonian Empire
2.1 The Nature of Neo-Babylonian Imperialism
2.2 The Legacy of Neo-Babylonian Imperialism in the Bible
The Emergence of Monotheism: Foreign Gods as Idols
The Election and Salvific Role of the People of Israel
Human Kingship
3. The Persian Empire
3.1 The Nature of Achaemenid Imperialism
Local Cults and Imperial Propaganda
Persian Imperial Ideology: Universalism, Dualism, and Soterio logical Mission
3.2 Achaemenid Imperialism in the Bible and in Second Temple-Period Jewish Sources
Further Monotheistic Developments: The Rejection of Dualism
The Creator God
Human Kingship
The Rise of the Torah
The Development of an Apocalyptic Worldview and Literature
Eschatology and Ethics
4. The Hellenistic Kingdoms
4.1 Seleucid Rule and Royal Ideology
4.2 The Legacy of Seleucid Imperialism in Ancient Jewish Sources
Human Kingship
Territory: Defining Israel's Relationship to the Promised Land in Legal-Historical Terms
Time, History, and Power: Foretelling the End of Empire
Empires, Theology, and Angelology
Chapter 2 The Unique Challenge of the Roman Empire: A Rivalry between Two Peoples
1. The Imperialism of a People
1.1 A Jewish Testimony from the Second Century BCE
1.2 The Imperium of the Populus Romanus
1.3 Roma: City, Personification, and Goddess
2. The "Election" of the Romans
2.1 A Divine Scheme
2.2 Roman Virtues
2.3 Roman Pietas
3. The "Vocation" of the Romans
3.1 A Universal and Eternal Rule?
Universal Rule
Eternal Rule
3.2 A "Messianic" Vocation to Bring Peace, Prosperity, and LegalOrder to the World
4. The Roman Victories Over the Jews: Obliteration and Substitution
4.1 A "Game of Temples": From Jerusalem to Rome and Vice-Versa
4.2 Aelia Capitolina: A Miniature Rome
5. Rome as Israel's Twin Brother and Rival
5.1 Rome, an Empire among Others?
5.2 Rome as Esau/Edom
Chapter 3 The Challenge of Roman Power
1. Roman Military Power and Roman Manliness
1.1 The Childrenof Mars
Contents
List of Illustrations
Maps
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Note on Translations
Introduction
1. Recontextualizing Israel's Encounter with the Roman Empire in the Longue Durée
2. A Survey of Scholarship on "Rome and Jerusalem"
3. Responses to Empire: Theory, Terminology, and Method
Empire, Imperialism, and Imperial Ideology
Analyzing Responses to Empire: Coping with Diversity
Jewish Responses to the Roman Empire
Chapter 1 Coping with Empires before Rome: From Assyria to the Hellenistic Kingdoms
1. The Neo-Assyrian Empire
1.1 The Nature of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism
1.2 The Legacy of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism in the Bible
The Notion of a Universal God
God's Kingdom and Divine Kingship
The Covenant between God and Israel
Specific Laws of the Covenant
Human Kingship
2. The Neo-Babylonian Empire
2.1 The Nature of Neo-Babylonian Imperialism
2.2 The Legacy of Neo-Babylonian Imperialism in the Bible
The Emergence of Monotheism: Foreign Gods as Idols
The Election and Salvific Role of the People of Israel
Human Kingship
3. The Persian Empire
3.1 The Nature of Achaemenid Imperialism
Local Cults and Imperial Propaganda
Persian Imperial Ideology: Universalism, Dualism, and Soterio logical Mission
3.2 Achaemenid Imperialism in the Bible and in Second Temple-Period Jewish Sources
Further Monotheistic Developments: The Rejection of Dualism
The Creator God
Human Kingship
The Rise of the Torah
The Development of an Apocalyptic Worldview and Literature
Eschatology and Ethics
4. The Hellenistic Kingdoms
4.1 Seleucid Rule and Royal Ideology
4.2 The Legacy of Seleucid Imperialism in Ancient Jewish Sources
Human Kingship
Territory: Defining Israel's Relationship to the Promised Land in Legal-Historical Terms
Time, History, and Power: Foretelling the End of Empire
Empires, Theology, and Angelology
Chapter 2 The Unique Challenge of the Roman Empire: A Rivalry between Two Peoples
1. The Imperialism of a People
1.1 A Jewish Testimony from the Second Century BCE
1.2 The Imperium of the Populus Romanus
1.3 Roma: City, Personification, and Goddess
2. The "Election" of the Romans
2.1 A Divine Scheme
2.2 Roman Virtues
2.3 Roman Pietas
3. The "Vocation" of the Romans
3.1 A Universal and Eternal Rule?
Universal Rule
Eternal Rule
3.2 A "Messianic" Vocation to Bring Peace, Prosperity, and LegalOrder to the World
4. The Roman Victories Over the Jews: Obliteration and Substitution
4.1 A "Game of Temples": From Jerusalem to Rome and Vice-Versa
4.2 Aelia Capitolina: A Miniature Rome
5. Rome as Israel's Twin Brother and Rival
5.1 Rome, an Empire among Others?
5.2 Rome as Esau/Edom
Chapter 3 The Challenge of Roman Power
1. Roman Military Power and Roman Manliness
1.1 The Childrenof Mars