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Section 1. Italy before 1861. The "geographical expression"
The idea of national unity
Mazzini, Garibaldi, and the revolutionaries
Cavour and the expansion of Piedmont
Section 2. The political and economic scene. The constitution, the King, and Parliament
The social hierarchy
Agriculture and industry
Immediate political problems
Section 3. The first decade, 1861-1871. Ricasoli, Rattazzi, and Minghetti, 1861-1865
Counterrevolution and brigandage, 1850-1865
The war for Venice, 1866
Financial and other problems, 1866-1867
The capture of Rome
Section 4. The nation asserts itself, 1870-1882. The last years of the right, 1870-1876
Depretis and transformation, 1870-1880
Foreign policy, 1860-1882
Colonial enterprise, 1860-1882
Section 5. The troubled period of Crispi, 1880-1893. Depretis and Crispi, 1880-1890
Irredentism and nationalist fervor
Agriculture and industry, about 1880
The tariff war with France, 1887-1892
Corruption and the banks, 1889-1893
Section 6. Colonial defeat and political reaction, 1893-1900. Social unrest and Crispi's last ministry
The Ethiopian war and the eclipse of Crispi
Parliamentary government endangered, 1896-1900
Defects in the constitution
Section 7. Giolitti and liberal reform, 1900-1911. Liberal government resumed, 1900-1904
Clerical and radical co-operation, 1904-1906
The "southern problem," and emigration
Economic and cultural revival
The last years of liberal reform, 1909-1911
Section 8. The onset of war. The German alliance, 1896-1911
The Libyan war, 1911-1912
Giolitti's system collapses, 1912-1914
Italy remains neutral, 1914
Intervention against Austria, 1915
Section 9. The war and its aftermath, 1915-1922. The conduct of war, 1915-1918
The peace settlement, 1918-1920
New political currents, 1919
Nitti and the rape of Fiume, 1919-1920
Giolitti and suicide of liberalism, 1920-1921
Bonomi and Facta, 1921-1922
Section 10. Mussolini's revolution, 1922-1925. Italy on the eve, Summer 1922
The March on Rome, October 26-30, 1922
Dictatorship emerges, 1922-1924
The defeat of Parliament and press, 1924-1925
Section 11. The theory and practice of fascism. The machinery and personnel of fascism
Economic and social policy
Fascist doctrine
The standardization of culture
Persecution and its effects
Surviving institutions
Section 12. Decline and fall of a Roman empire. Foreign policy, 1922-1936
Lack of restraint, 1936-1938
The drift toward war, 1938-1940
Military and political defeat, 1940-1943
Section 13. The transformation of Italy, 1943-1969. Liberation, 1943-1947
Postwar recovery
Constitutional problems in the 1950s
A move to the left: the early 1960s
Section 14. Italian democracy in crisis. Terrorism, corruption and consociation, 1968-1981
The old regime begins to collapse, 1981-1992
Four attempts at reform, 1992-1995
An interim solution, 1996
Appendix: Prime Ministers of Italy, heads of state, Popes.
The idea of national unity
Mazzini, Garibaldi, and the revolutionaries
Cavour and the expansion of Piedmont
Section 2. The political and economic scene. The constitution, the King, and Parliament
The social hierarchy
Agriculture and industry
Immediate political problems
Section 3. The first decade, 1861-1871. Ricasoli, Rattazzi, and Minghetti, 1861-1865
Counterrevolution and brigandage, 1850-1865
The war for Venice, 1866
Financial and other problems, 1866-1867
The capture of Rome
Section 4. The nation asserts itself, 1870-1882. The last years of the right, 1870-1876
Depretis and transformation, 1870-1880
Foreign policy, 1860-1882
Colonial enterprise, 1860-1882
Section 5. The troubled period of Crispi, 1880-1893. Depretis and Crispi, 1880-1890
Irredentism and nationalist fervor
Agriculture and industry, about 1880
The tariff war with France, 1887-1892
Corruption and the banks, 1889-1893
Section 6. Colonial defeat and political reaction, 1893-1900. Social unrest and Crispi's last ministry
The Ethiopian war and the eclipse of Crispi
Parliamentary government endangered, 1896-1900
Defects in the constitution
Section 7. Giolitti and liberal reform, 1900-1911. Liberal government resumed, 1900-1904
Clerical and radical co-operation, 1904-1906
The "southern problem," and emigration
Economic and cultural revival
The last years of liberal reform, 1909-1911
Section 8. The onset of war. The German alliance, 1896-1911
The Libyan war, 1911-1912
Giolitti's system collapses, 1912-1914
Italy remains neutral, 1914
Intervention against Austria, 1915
Section 9. The war and its aftermath, 1915-1922. The conduct of war, 1915-1918
The peace settlement, 1918-1920
New political currents, 1919
Nitti and the rape of Fiume, 1919-1920
Giolitti and suicide of liberalism, 1920-1921
Bonomi and Facta, 1921-1922
Section 10. Mussolini's revolution, 1922-1925. Italy on the eve, Summer 1922
The March on Rome, October 26-30, 1922
Dictatorship emerges, 1922-1924
The defeat of Parliament and press, 1924-1925
Section 11. The theory and practice of fascism. The machinery and personnel of fascism
Economic and social policy
Fascist doctrine
The standardization of culture
Persecution and its effects
Surviving institutions
Section 12. Decline and fall of a Roman empire. Foreign policy, 1922-1936
Lack of restraint, 1936-1938
The drift toward war, 1938-1940
Military and political defeat, 1940-1943
Section 13. The transformation of Italy, 1943-1969. Liberation, 1943-1947
Postwar recovery
Constitutional problems in the 1950s
A move to the left: the early 1960s
Section 14. Italian democracy in crisis. Terrorism, corruption and consociation, 1968-1981
The old regime begins to collapse, 1981-1992
Four attempts at reform, 1992-1995
An interim solution, 1996
Appendix: Prime Ministers of Italy, heads of state, Popes.