1. Introduction
2. Before Presidential Elections: Popular Voting in Colonial and Revolutionary America
3. 1789 George Washington's Initial Election
4. 1792 George Washington's Reelection
5. 1796 John Adams's Election
6. 1800 Thomas Jefferson's Initial Election
7. 1804 Thomas Jefferson's Reelection
8. 1808 James Madison's Initial Election
9. 1812 James Madison's Reelection
10. 1816 James Monroe's Initial Election
11. 1820 James Monroe's Reelection
12. 1824 John Quincy Adams's Election
13. 1828 Andrew Jackson's Initial Election
14. 1832 Andrew Jackson's Reelection
15. 1836 Martin Van Buren's Election
16. 1840 William Henry Harrison's Election
17. 1844 James K. Polk's Election
18. 1848 Zachary Taylor's Election
19. 1852 Franklin Pierce's Election
20. 1856 James Buchanan's Election
21. 1860 Abraham Lincoln's Initial Election
22. 1864 Abraham Lincoln's Reelection
23. 1868 Ulysses S. Grant's Initial Election
24. 1872 Ulysses S. Grant's Reelection
25. 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes's Election
26. 1880 James A. Garfield's Election
27. 1884 Grover Cleveland's Initial Election
28. 1888 Benjamin Harrison's Election
29. 1892 Grover Cleveland's Reelection
30. 1896 William McKinley's Initial Election
31. 1900 William McKinley's Reelection
32. 1904 Theodore Roosevelt's Election
33. 1908 William Howard Taft's Election
34. 1912 Woodrow Wilson's Initial Election
35. 1916 Woodrow Wilson's Reelection
36. 1920 Warren G. Harding's Election
37. 1924 Calvin Coolidge's Election
38. 1928 Herbert Hoover's Election
39. 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt's Initial Election
40. 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt's First Reelection
41. 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt's Second Reelection
42. 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt's Third Reelection
43. 1948 Harry S. Truman's Election
44. 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower's Initial
45. 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower's Reelection
46. 1960 John F. Kennedy's Election
47. 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson's Election
48. 1968 Richard M. Nixon's Initial Election
49. 1972 Richard M. Nixon's Reelection
50. 1976 James Earl Carter's Election
51. 1980 Ronald Reagan's Initial Election
52. 1984 Ronald Reagan's Reelection
53. 1988 George H. W. Bush's Election
54. 1992 William J. Clinton's Initial Election
55. 1996 William J. Clinton's Reelection
56. 2000 George W. Bush's Initial Election
57. 2004 George W. Bush's Reelection
58. 2008 BarackHussein Obama, Jr.'s, Election
APPENDIXES
A. Data and Methodology: A Research Note
B. Time Line of U. S. Presidents and Major and Minor U.S. Political Parties
C. Mapping the County and Alaska Election Districts Data.