Cover
Title page
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
List of Tables and Graphs
A Note on Transliteration
Introduction
Conflicts, Wars and Refugees
The Experiences and Policies of Sa'udi Arabia
Definitions
Structure of the Book
1. A Theoretical Perspective on Migration
A Glance at International Migration
Theories of International Migration
Migration Theories: A Classification
Analysis of Migration Theories
Neo-classical Theory
The New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM)
Dual Labor Market Theory
Network Theory
Migration System Theory

Institutional Theory
Cumulative Causation Theory
The 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocols
International Migration and Globalization
Conclusion: Adopting a Multidisciplinary Approach
2. Sa'udi Policies towards Refugees
Critics of Sa'udi Migration Initiatives
Discrimination and Human Rights Violations
Gender Discrimination in Sa'udi Arabia's Nationality Law
Stateless Communities in Sa'udi Arabia
The Bidun
The Rohingya
The Palestinians
Migration Regulations
Conclusion: A Flexible and Dutiful Approach

3. Hijrah, Zakat, and Refugees Religious Obligations
Hijrah and Asylum
Refugee Convention and Shari'ah Law
Alternatives to the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol
Religious Norms and Obligations
The case of Rashid 'Ali al-Kilani
Muslim Brotherhood Refugees
Burmese Refugees in Sa'udi Arabia
Iraqi Refugees and the Rafhah Camp Experiment
Syrian Refugees
Conclusion: Obligations as Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
4. The Concept of Zakat and Foreign Aid From Development to Humanitarian Assistance
Zakat and Foreign Aid

Sa'udi Foreign Aid: Humanitarian and Economic Assistance
Sa'udi Foreign Aid Before and After 1973
The Sa'udi Fund for Development
King Salman Center for Humanitarian Relief and Works
Humanitarian Assistance to Yemen
Conclusion: Aid as Religious Obligation
5. Pilgrimage and Migration Dilemmas African Migrants and Sa'udi Arabia
Annual Pilgrimage Dilemmas
An Examination of the Methodology and Data Analysis
The Migration Processes
Smuggling
Overstaying an 'Umrah or Hajj Visa
Breaking a Work Contract
Undocumented 'Migrants' Born in Jiddah

African Migrants in Sa'udi Arabia
Issues Related to Working Conditions
Legal Issues Facing Undocumented Laborers in Sa'udi Arabia
Plans for the Future
Amnesty Initiatives
Nitaqat and Deportation Laws
Conclusion: Pilgrimage Dilemmas
6. The Kingdom and Yemen How Neighbors Became Refugees
Contemporary Sa'udi-Yemeni Ties
The Free-Flow of Migrants
Yemeni Workers in Sa'udi Arabia
Undocumented Yemeni Entries and Smuggling Operations
Riyadh's Humanitarian Assistance
Sa'udi Amnesty Policies vis-à-vis the Yemen
Consequences of the Huthi Takeover (2015-2018)