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Table of Contents
Intro
Title
Copyright
Contents
About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgements
Summary
Abbreviations
Part I Introduction to batteries and balancing
Chapter 1 Introduction to batteries
1.1 Preface
1.2 History of the battery
1.3 Introduction of the battery
1.4 Lithium-based batteries
1.5 Charging and discharging
1.6 Chemistry
1.7 Charging methods
1.8 Characteristics
1.9 Application areas
Summary
References
Appendix A: Open-circuit voltage (OCV)
Chapter 2 Discussion about batteries
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Are minerals available?
2.2.1 Lead-acid batteries
2.2.2 Lithium-ion batteries
2.3 Life extension
2.4 Reuse or second life
2.5 Recycling
2.6 CO2 emission to produce a kWh of battery storage
2.6.1 Lead-acid and CO2
2.6.2 Lithium ion and CO2
2.7 Avoiding battery storage
2.7.1 Water heaters
2.7.2 Storing cold
2.7.3 Direct use of solar PV
2.7.4 Flywheel storage
2.7.5 Gravity storage
2.7.6 Compressed air
2.7.7 Seasonal storage
Summary
References
Chapter 3 Overview of battery types
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of actual types
3.3 Batteries with water-based electrolytes
3.3.1 Lead-acid
3.3.2 Nickel-metal hydride NiMH
3.3.3 Salt water battery
3.3.4 Rechargeable alkaline battery
3.4 Organic electrolyte-based batteries
3.4.1 Lithium family
3.4.2 Li-ion battery characteristic
3.4.3 Lithium-iron-phosphate characteristic LiFePO4
3.4.4 Lithium metal batteries
3.4.5 Sodium-, potassium-, magnesium-, calcium-, zinc-, and aluminium-based batteries
3.5 Molten salt batteries
3.6 Fuel cells
3.6.1 Low-temperature fuel cells LTFC
3.6.2 High-temperature fuel cells HTFC
3.7 Flow battery systems
3.8 Nernst and electrochemical potential
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Purpose of BMS, state of charge, state of health
4.1 State of charge, state of health, and state of power
4.1.1 State of charge
4.1.2 State of health
4.1.3 State of power
4.2 Sophisticated SoH modelling by BMS
4.3 Battery management system
4.4 Battery configuration
4.5 Types of battery management systems
4.5.1 One cell too low, one cell too high principle
4.5.2 Shunt resistor switching balancing (passive)
4.5.3 Capacitive shunting balancing (active)
4.5.4 Inductor balancing (active)
4.5.5 Transformer balancing (active)
4.5.6 Cuk converter balancing (active)
4.5.7 Flyback converter balancing (active)
4.5.8 Forward converter balancing (active)
Summary
References
Part II Passive cell balancing circuits
Chapter 5 A smart high-voltage cell detecting and equalizing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Possible technologies
Section 1: High-voltage cell detecting and equalizing circuit
5.3 Proposed smart high-voltage cell equalizing detection
5.4 Practical implementation
5.5 Experimental results
Title
Copyright
Contents
About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgements
Summary
Abbreviations
Part I Introduction to batteries and balancing
Chapter 1 Introduction to batteries
1.1 Preface
1.2 History of the battery
1.3 Introduction of the battery
1.4 Lithium-based batteries
1.5 Charging and discharging
1.6 Chemistry
1.7 Charging methods
1.8 Characteristics
1.9 Application areas
Summary
References
Appendix A: Open-circuit voltage (OCV)
Chapter 2 Discussion about batteries
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Are minerals available?
2.2.1 Lead-acid batteries
2.2.2 Lithium-ion batteries
2.3 Life extension
2.4 Reuse or second life
2.5 Recycling
2.6 CO2 emission to produce a kWh of battery storage
2.6.1 Lead-acid and CO2
2.6.2 Lithium ion and CO2
2.7 Avoiding battery storage
2.7.1 Water heaters
2.7.2 Storing cold
2.7.3 Direct use of solar PV
2.7.4 Flywheel storage
2.7.5 Gravity storage
2.7.6 Compressed air
2.7.7 Seasonal storage
Summary
References
Chapter 3 Overview of battery types
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of actual types
3.3 Batteries with water-based electrolytes
3.3.1 Lead-acid
3.3.2 Nickel-metal hydride NiMH
3.3.3 Salt water battery
3.3.4 Rechargeable alkaline battery
3.4 Organic electrolyte-based batteries
3.4.1 Lithium family
3.4.2 Li-ion battery characteristic
3.4.3 Lithium-iron-phosphate characteristic LiFePO4
3.4.4 Lithium metal batteries
3.4.5 Sodium-, potassium-, magnesium-, calcium-, zinc-, and aluminium-based batteries
3.5 Molten salt batteries
3.6 Fuel cells
3.6.1 Low-temperature fuel cells LTFC
3.6.2 High-temperature fuel cells HTFC
3.7 Flow battery systems
3.8 Nernst and electrochemical potential
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Purpose of BMS, state of charge, state of health
4.1 State of charge, state of health, and state of power
4.1.1 State of charge
4.1.2 State of health
4.1.3 State of power
4.2 Sophisticated SoH modelling by BMS
4.3 Battery management system
4.4 Battery configuration
4.5 Types of battery management systems
4.5.1 One cell too low, one cell too high principle
4.5.2 Shunt resistor switching balancing (passive)
4.5.3 Capacitive shunting balancing (active)
4.5.4 Inductor balancing (active)
4.5.5 Transformer balancing (active)
4.5.6 Cuk converter balancing (active)
4.5.7 Flyback converter balancing (active)
4.5.8 Forward converter balancing (active)
Summary
References
Part II Passive cell balancing circuits
Chapter 5 A smart high-voltage cell detecting and equalizing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Possible technologies
Section 1: High-voltage cell detecting and equalizing circuit
5.3 Proposed smart high-voltage cell equalizing detection
5.4 Practical implementation
5.5 Experimental results