Circuits, packets, and protocols : entrepreneurs and computer communications, 1968-1988 / James L. Pelkey, Andrew L. Russell, Loring G. Robbins.

Introduction
Three Themes
Sources and Methods
Market-Structures
Three Market-Structures at the Intersections of Communications and Computing, 1968-1988
Why Do These Stories Matter?

1 Prelude to Change: Data Communications, 1949-1968
1.1 Overview
1.2 AT&T, The Regulated Monopoly
1.3 IBM
1.4 New Technologies for Computing
1.5 Venture Capital and Public Capital Markets
1.6 The Early Entrepreneurs of Data Communications
1.7 Emergence of the Data Communications Market-Structure
1.8 In Perspective

2 Onset of Competition: Data Communications, 1968-1972
2.1 Overview
2.2 Government and AT&T
2.3 IBM and Computing
2.4 Early Data Communications Leaders: 1968-1969
2.5 A Swarm of Data Communications Start-ups: 1968-1970
2.6 1970: A Pivotal Year for Codex and ADS
2.7 The Creation of the IDCMA
2.8 Strategic Partnerships in the Data Communications Market-Structure: 1971-1972
2.9 Data Communications Market-Structure
2.10 In Perspective

3 Packet Switching and ARPANET: Networking, 1959-1972
3.1 Overview
3.2 The Intergalactic Network
3.3 ARPANET: The Planning Phase
3.4 ARPANET: Design, Implementation, and Administration
3.5 Uncertainty and the Emergence of a Dominant Design, 1969-1972
3.6 ARPANET Meets the Public: ICCC Demonstration, 1972
3.7 In Perspective

4 Market Order: Data Communications, 1973-1979
4.1 Overview
4.2 Regulatory Challenges to IBM and AT&T
4.3 Data Communications Market Leaders in the Early 1970s
4.4 The Swarm of Data Communications Firms, 1976-1979
4.5 Micom's Breakout Product, 1976-1979
4.6 Market Leaders Are Acquired
4.7 The Data Communications Market-Structure: Market Disruption
4.8 In Perspective

5 Protocol Confusion: Networking, 1972-1979
5.1 Overview
5.2 Commercializing ARPANET, 1972-1975
5.3 Packet Radio and Robert Kahn, 1972-1974
5.4 The CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin, 1971-1972
5.5 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 1973-19765.5 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 1973-1976
5.6 A Proliferation of Communication Projects
5.7 In Perspective

6 Emergence of Local Area Networks: Networking, 1976-1981
6.1 Overview
6.2 Early Networking Pioneers
6.3 Select Computer Companies Introduce LANs, 1976-1978
6.4 Early LAN Start-ups
6.5 Data Communications Companies Respond with the Data PBX
6.6 Early LAN Start-ups Struggle, 1980-1981
6.7 The Emergence of the Networking Market-Structure
6.8 In Perspective

7 The Chaos of Competition: Networking, 1981-1982
7.1 Overview
7.2 The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX, and AT&T
7.3 Early LAN Start-ups, 1981
7.4 Emerging LAN Competition, 1981
7.5 The Data Communication Competitors, 1981-1982
7.6 A Second Wave of LAN Competition, 1982
7.7 The Settlement of the AT&T and IBM Antitrust Lawsuits
7.8 IBM Antitrust Suit
7.9 Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
7.10 LAN Market-Structure, 1981-1982
7.11 In Perspective

8 The Need for Standards: Networking, 1975-1984
8.1 Overview
8.2 IEEE Committee 802: The Battle for LAN Standards
8.3 DIX
8.4 IEEE Committee 802 and DIX
8.5 Networking Strategy at Xerox: 1979-1981
8.6 ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979-1982
8.7 The LAN and OSI Standards Efforts Meet
8.8 The Emergence of a Dominant Design: 1983-1984
8.9 In Perspective

9 Market Order: Networking, 1983-1986
9.1 Overview
9.2 The Established Powers
9.3 The Leading LAN start-ups, 1983-1986
9.4 Other LAN start-ups
9.5 The Data Communication Competitors, 1983-1984
9.6 New Data PBX Competitors
9.7 LAN and Data Communications Market-Structures, 1985-1986
9.8 In Perspective

10 Adaptation of Wide Area Networks: Data Communications, 1979-1986
10.1 Overview
10.2 The Revolution of Digital Transmission, 1982-1984
10.3 The T1 Multiplexer
10.4 The Beginnings of "Be Your Own Bell"
10.5 Data Communications: First Signs of Digital Networks, 1982-1985
10.6 Entrepreneurs: The T1 Start-ups, 1982-1985
10.7 Market Analysis: Samples of Expert Opinions, 1984-1987
10.8 Data Communications: Wide Area Networks, 1985-1988
10.9 In Perspective

11 Market Consolidation: Data Communications and Networking, 1986-1988
11.1 Overview
11.2 Data Communications: Firms Adapting or Dying? 1987-1988
11.3 Other Data Communications Companies
11.4 Networking: Firms Responding to Market Consolidation, 1987-1988
11.5 Other LAN Companies
11.6 Summary of the Data Communications Market-Structure
11.7 Summary of the Networking Market-Structure
11.8 In Perspective

12 Government Support for Internetworking, 1983-1988
12.1 Overview
12.2 TCP/IP Internet
12.3 OSI's Champions in US Federal Agencies
12.4 In Perspective

13 The Emergence of Internetworking, 1985-1988
13.1 Overview
13.2 Interconnecting Local Area Networks
13.3 Internetworking: Entrepreneurs and Start-ups, 1985-1988
13.4 Internetworking: Public Demonstrations in 1988
13.5 Internetworking Market-Structure
13.6 In Perspective

14 Conclusions
14.1 Summary of Market-Structures, 1968-1988
14.2 Internetworking, 1988-2020
14.3 Three Themes
14.4 Final Thoughts