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Table of Contents
Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Preface
Part I Overview
1 Global Unconventional Oil and Gas Reserves and Their Development
1.1 Introduction
1.2 China
1.3 Argentina
1.4 Algeria
1.5 United States
1.6 Canada
1.7 Mexico
1.8 Australia
1.9 South Africa
1.10 Russia
1.11 Brazil
1.12 Conclusions
References
2 Unconventional Shale Gas and Oil Extraction in the Appalachian Basin
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Unconventional Oil and Gas Plays in the United States
2.3 Horizontal Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing: A Potent Combination
2.4 Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream
2.4.1 Upstream
2.4.1.1 Predrilling Activities
2.4.1.2 The Well: Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
2.4.1.3 Estimated Ultimate Recovery and Decline Rates
2.4.2 Midstream and Downstream
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 An Overview of Unconventional Gas Extraction in Australia: The First Decade
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Scale of the Unconventional Gas Industry in Australia
3.2 Politics, Policy, and Promises of UG in Australia
3.2.1 Adaptive Environmental Management Regime
3.2.2 Coexistence and Conflict of Duties
3.3 Promised Economic Benefits
3.3.1 Make Gas Cheaper
3.3.2 Bridging Fuel
3.3.3 More Jobs
3.3.4 Boost to Government Revenue
3.4 Inquiries and Research
3.5 Water Usage
3.6 Industry Waste
3.7 Emissions
3.8 Air Quality
3.9 The People
3.10 Sustainability and Legacy
3.11 Conclusion and Recommendations
3.12 Postscript
Notes
References
4 The Governance of Fracking: History, Differences, and Trends
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Why Some Public Opposition Was Predictable
4.3 The French Ban First
4.4 The United Kingdom Abandons Fracking
4.5 The United States Experience
4.5.1 Mineral Rights and Royalty Income
4.5.2 National Political Leadership
4.5.3 Texas
4.5.4 North Dakota
4.5.5 Pennsylvania
4.6 Looking Forward
References
Part II Environmental Analysis
5 Air Quality
5.1 Introduction: Air Quality and Air Pollution Control
5.2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
5.3 PM2.5
5.3.1 Primary PM2.5
5.3.2 Secondary PM2.5
5.4 Ozone
5.5 VOCs: A Key Ozone Precursor
5.6 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) and Environmental Justice
5.7 Summary, Outlook, and Research Needs
References
6 Methane and Climate Change
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources of Methane
6.3 Early Estimates of Methane from Shale Gas
6.4 Recent Estimates of Methane Emissions
6.5 Comparing Methane Emissions from Shale and Conventional Gas
6.6 Evidence from Change in Carbon-13 Content of Atmospheric Methane
6.7 What Methane Emission Estimate Should Policymakers Use?
6.8 Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Gas Compared to Coal and Petroleum
6.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Preface
Part I Overview
1 Global Unconventional Oil and Gas Reserves and Their Development
1.1 Introduction
1.2 China
1.3 Argentina
1.4 Algeria
1.5 United States
1.6 Canada
1.7 Mexico
1.8 Australia
1.9 South Africa
1.10 Russia
1.11 Brazil
1.12 Conclusions
References
2 Unconventional Shale Gas and Oil Extraction in the Appalachian Basin
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Unconventional Oil and Gas Plays in the United States
2.3 Horizontal Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing: A Potent Combination
2.4 Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream
2.4.1 Upstream
2.4.1.1 Predrilling Activities
2.4.1.2 The Well: Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
2.4.1.3 Estimated Ultimate Recovery and Decline Rates
2.4.2 Midstream and Downstream
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 An Overview of Unconventional Gas Extraction in Australia: The First Decade
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Scale of the Unconventional Gas Industry in Australia
3.2 Politics, Policy, and Promises of UG in Australia
3.2.1 Adaptive Environmental Management Regime
3.2.2 Coexistence and Conflict of Duties
3.3 Promised Economic Benefits
3.3.1 Make Gas Cheaper
3.3.2 Bridging Fuel
3.3.3 More Jobs
3.3.4 Boost to Government Revenue
3.4 Inquiries and Research
3.5 Water Usage
3.6 Industry Waste
3.7 Emissions
3.8 Air Quality
3.9 The People
3.10 Sustainability and Legacy
3.11 Conclusion and Recommendations
3.12 Postscript
Notes
References
4 The Governance of Fracking: History, Differences, and Trends
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Why Some Public Opposition Was Predictable
4.3 The French Ban First
4.4 The United Kingdom Abandons Fracking
4.5 The United States Experience
4.5.1 Mineral Rights and Royalty Income
4.5.2 National Political Leadership
4.5.3 Texas
4.5.4 North Dakota
4.5.5 Pennsylvania
4.6 Looking Forward
References
Part II Environmental Analysis
5 Air Quality
5.1 Introduction: Air Quality and Air Pollution Control
5.2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
5.3 PM2.5
5.3.1 Primary PM2.5
5.3.2 Secondary PM2.5
5.4 Ozone
5.5 VOCs: A Key Ozone Precursor
5.6 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) and Environmental Justice
5.7 Summary, Outlook, and Research Needs
References
6 Methane and Climate Change
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources of Methane
6.3 Early Estimates of Methane from Shale Gas
6.4 Recent Estimates of Methane Emissions
6.5 Comparing Methane Emissions from Shale and Conventional Gas
6.6 Evidence from Change in Carbon-13 Content of Atmospheric Methane
6.7 What Methane Emission Estimate Should Policymakers Use?
6.8 Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Gas Compared to Coal and Petroleum
6.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments