Introduction: World Trade in History
A-Z Entries
A
Abbasid Caliphate (750 / 1258)
Advertising
Aegean Sea
Africa
Agora
Agriculture
Aircraft
Alexander the Great (356 / 323 B.C.E.)
Alexandria
Alphabet, Aramaic
Alphabet, Cyrillic
Alphabet, Greek
Alphabet, Latin
Alphabet, Phoenician
Alsace and Lorraine
Amazon River
Amber
Amber Routes
American Federation of Labor / Congress of Industrial Organizations
American Revolution
Amsterdam
Anglo-Dutch Wars
Animals
Appian Way
Arabs
Archaeology
Argentina
Arkwright, Richard (1732 / 1792)
Armenians
Art
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Assyrian Empire
Astrolabe
Aswan High Dam
Athens, Ancient
Atlantic Trade
Automobiles
Aviation
Aztecs
B
Babylonian Empire
Balance of Trade
Bantu Migrations
Bardi House of Banking
Baroque
Barter
Batavia (Jakarta)
Bell, Alexander Graham (1847 / 1922)
Berbers
Berenice
Bioterrorism
Black Death
Black Sea
Bolshevism
Bourgeoisie
Boxer Rebellion
Brazil
Bribery
British Commonwealth
British East India Company
British Empire
British / South American Trade Relations
Buddhism
Bugis
Byzantine Empire
C
Cacao
Calicut
Capitalism
Caravans
Caribbean
Carnegie, Andrew (1835 / 1919)
Carolingian Empire
Cartels
Cartography
Castles
Central Africa
China
Chinese Dynasties
Chinese-Japanese Trade
Chocolate
Cholera
Christianity
Cities
Climate
Climate Change
Clive, Robert (1725 / 1774)
Coffee
Coinage
Cold War
Colonization
Columbian Exchange
Columbus, Chrisopher (1451 / 1506)
Combination Acts (1799, 1800)
Comintern
Communication
Communism
Comparative Advantage
Compass
Competition
Computers
Confucius (551 / 479 B.C.E.)
Constantinople (Byzantium, Istanbul)
Consumerism
Containment
Continental System
Cook, James (1728 / 1779)


Copper
Copyright
Corn
Corn Laws
Corporations
Cotton
Cotton Gin
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
Cowries
Crete
Crimean War (1854 / 1856)
Crop Rotation
Cross-Staff
Crusades
Crystal Palace
Cuba
Cuneiform
Cyprus
D
Danube River
Dardanelles
Dark Ages
Delian League
Department Stores
Diamonds
Diasporas
Dirhams
Disease
Disputes and Arbitration, International
Donkey
Drake, Francis (1540 / 1596)
Drugs
Dutch
Dyula
E
East Asia
Economic Consequences of the Peace, The (1919)
Economics, Classical
Edison, Thomas Alva (1847 / 1931)
Egypt
Egypt, Ancient
Electricity
Elizabeth I (1533 / 1603)
Embargoes
Empire Building
Energy
Engels, Friedrich (1820 / 1895)
England's Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664)
Entertainment
Etruscans
European / African Trade
European / Asian Trade
European Trade, Intracontinental
European Union
Exchange Rates
Exploration and Trade
Extraterritoriality
F
Fairs, International Trade
Fertilizer
Festivals and Fairs, Medieval
Feudalism
Finance and Credit
Financial Institutions
Flax
Florence
Food and Diet
Ford Motor Company
Foreign Aid
Frankincense and Myrrh
Franklin, Benjamin (1706 / 1790)
Frederick II
Free Trade
Freemasonry
French Empire
French Revolution
Fruits
Fugger Family
Fur
G
Gandhi, Mohandas (1869 / 1948)
Garamantian Empire
Gemstones
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947)
General Electric Company
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, The (1936)
Genoa
German Empires
Ghana
Ghaznavids
Glass
Globalization
Gold
Gold Standard
Goths
Grain
Great Depression
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Greek City-States
Guangzhou (Canton)
Guano
Gunpowder
H
Haiti
Hakluyt, Richard (1552 / 1616)
Hamburg
Hanseatic League
Hapsburgs
Harbors


Hargreaves, James (1720 / 1777)
Heckscher, Eli Filip (1879 / 1952)
Hellenistic Architecture
Hemp
Henry the Navigator (1394 / 1460)
Hinduism
Hittite Empire
Hohenstauffen Empire
Hollywood
Hong Kong
Hundred Years' War
I
Illegal Trade
Immigration
Imperialism
Incas
Indentured Servants
Indian Ocean Trade
Indigo
Indus River
Industrial Revolution
Industrialism
Inflation
Insurance
Intellectual Property
Internal Combustion Engine
International Monetary Fund
International Trade Commission
Internet
Iron
Iron Law of Wages
Irrigation
Isabella of Castile (1451 / 1504)
Islam
Ivory
Ivory Coast
J
Jade
Jews
Joint-Stock Companies
Judaism
Jute
K
Keynes, John Maynard (1883 / 1946)
Khan, Genghis (1162 / 1229)
Khazar Empire
Kilwa
Kipling, Rudyard (1865 / 1936)
Knights Templar
Kolkata (Calcutta)
Kush
L
Labor
Laissez-Faire
Law
Leather
Linear B Script
Linen
List, Georg Friedrich (1789 / 1846)
Livestock
Luddites
M
Madras
Magellan, Ferdinand (1480 / 1521)
Mali
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766 / 1834)
Manchu Dynasty
Manila
Manila Galleons
Market Revolution
Marketplaces
Marshall Plan
Marx, Karl (1818 / 1883)
Mayan Civilization
Media
Medici Family
Medicine
Mediterranean Sea
Melaka
Mercantilism
Merchant Guilds
Mesopotamian Architecture
Mesopotamian Trade
Middle Ages
Migration, Human
Milan
Mill, John Stuart (1806 / 1873)
Ming Dynasty
Minoan Civilization
Missionaries
Mogadishu
Molasses
Money
Mongol Invasions
Monuments
Mughal Empire
Multinational Enterprise
Mycenae
N
Napoleonic Wars
Navigation
Navigation Laws
Netherlands
New Imperialism
Nile River
Nineveh
Nomads
Nontarrif Barriers
North American Free Trade Agreement (1994)
Novgorod
Nuts
O
Oases
Oil
Olives
Open Door Notes


Opium
Ottomans
P
Panama Canal
Paper and Pulp
Patents
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci (1315 / 1340)
Pepper
Perfume
Persian Gulf
Peter the Great (1672 / 1725)
Petra
Phoenicia
Pilgrimages
Piracy
Pochteca
Polo, Marco (1254 / 1324)
Pony Express
Population
Portugal
Potatoes
Pottery
Printing Press
Protestantism
Punic Wars
Q
Quadrant
R
Radanites
Rae, John (1796 / 1872)
Ragusa, Republic of (Dubrovnik)
Railroads
Reciprocity
Redistribution
Reformation
Religion
Renaissance
Revolutions
Ricardo, David (1772 / 1823)
Rice
Roman Catholic Church
Roman Empire
Roman Empire, Fall of
Rothschilds
Royal Niger Company
Rum
Russian Revolution
S
Saharan and Trans-Saharan Trade
Salt
Sculpture
Service Sector
Seven Years' War
Shanghai
Ships
Shipwrecks
Sicily
Silk
Silk Road
Silver
Singer, Isaac (1811 / 1875)
Slavery
Slaves, Plantation
Smith, Adam (1723 / 1790)
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
Socialism
Songhai Empire
South Africa
South America
Southeast Asia
Soviet / African Trade Relations
Soviet Union
Soybeans
Spanish Empire
Spice Route
Spices
Srivijaya Empire
Steam Engine
Steamship
Steel
Suez Canal
Sugar
Surat
T
Tally Sticks
Tariff Barriers
Tariffs
Tea
Technology
Telegraph
Telephone
Terrorism
Teutonic Knights
Textiles
Timber/Sorochok
Tin
Tobacco
Tortoiseshell
Tourism
Trade Organizations
Trade Winds
Trademarks
Transactions Costs
Transportation and Trade
Triangle Trade
Tunisia
U
United Nations
United States
U.S. / China Trade
U.S. / Japanese Trade Relations
V
Venice
Vikings
Volga Bulgaria
W
War of 1812
Warfare
Wars for Empire
Water
Wealth
Weapons
Weights and Measures
West Africa
Whales
Whitney, Eli (1765 / 1825)
Wine
Women
Wood


Wool
World Bank
World Trade Organization
World War I
World War II
Primary Documents
Code of Hammurabi (18th Century B.C.E.)
Pope Urban II Initiates the First Crusade (1095)
Papal Edicts on Usury (1139 and 1179)
Francesco Pegolotti's Merchant Handbook, Excerpts (1340s)
Canon Law Concerning Usury Used to Break Contracts (1369)
Columbus's Journal, First Voyage, Excerpts (1492)
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Instructions on Selling Indulgences (1517)
Colonial Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh (1584)
British East India Company Charter (1600)
Sir Edwin Sandys's Report from the Committee on Free Trade (1604)
English Trade in Japan, Excerpts from a Merchant's Journal (1615)
Dutch East India Company Charter (1621)
Sir Thomas Culpepper's Tract Against Usury (1621)
Sir Thomas Roe's Speech on the Decay of Trade (1641)
On Bills of Exchange, Tract by John Marius (1655)
Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663, Excerpts
Colbert on Mercantilism (1664)
Treaty of Utrecht, Article X (1713)
The Merchant Adventurers' Views on Free Trade (1716)
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Sugar Act of 1764
Stamp Act of 1765, Article 1
British Tea Act of 1773
The Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith, Excerpt (1776)
"Essay on the Principles of Population," by Thomas Malthus, Excerpt (1798)
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Berlin Decree (1806)
An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, British Parliament (1807)
Milan Decree (1807)
Contract between the St. Louis Missouri Fur Company and Thomas James (1809)
"Observations on the Effects of the Corn Laws," by Thomas Malthus, Excerpt (1814)
David Ricardo on the Iron Law of Wages (1817)
Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
An Act for the More Effectual Suppression of the Slave Trade, British Parliament (1843)
Friedrich Engels on Protective Tariffs or Free Trade System (1847)
Karl Marx's Speech on Free Trade, January 9, 1848
Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Excerpt (1848)


Royal Niger Company Contract (1886)
Convention Respecting the Free Navigation of the Suez Maritime Canal (1888)
First Open Door Note (1899)
Panama Canal Treaty of 1903
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Economic Consequences of the Peace, by John Maynard Keynes, Excerpt (1919)
Statute of Westminster (1931)
Franklin D. Roosevelt on the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1932)
Herbert Hoover's Response to Franklin D. Roosevelt on the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1932)
Neutrality Act of 1935
Nye Committee Report (1936)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947)
Constitution of the French Community (1958)
ASEAN Declaration (1967)
Panama Canal Treaty of 1977
Ronald Reagan's "Evil Empire" Speech (1982)
Enterprise for the Americas Initiative, George H.W. Bush (1990)
Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (1995)
Ministerial Declaration, World Trade Organization, Doha Round of Negotiations (2001)
G20 Declaration, Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy (2008)
Copenhagen Accord, United Nations Climate Change Conference (2009)
Chronology
Glossary
Master Bibliography
Books and Articles
Web Sites.