Optimazation of hydraulic fracturing in tight gas reservoirs with alternative fluid.

Intro
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation and objectives
1.2 Thesis outline
2 Need for alternative frac-fluid
2.1 Environmental problems
2.2 Technical problems
2.3 Problem with public acceptance
2.4 Alternative frac-fluids
3 Light alkanes (C5-C10)
3.1 Properties of alternative fluid
3.2 Simulation in a fictive model to investigate phase behavior
4 Hydraulic fracture modeling
4.1 Brief overview of hydraulic fracturing
4.2 Mass and energy balance for flow in porous media
4.3 Space and time discretization
4.4 Numerical model
5 Model verification and application
5.1 Fracture initiation and propagation
5.2 Isothermal MM flow verification
5.3 Non-isothermal MM flow verification
5.4 Hydraulic fracturing in McCully tight gas reservoir, New Brunswick, Canada
6 Hydraulic fracturing optimization in a tight gas reservoir of Germany
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Model generation and verification
6.3 Production history match
6.4 Stress state
6.5 Important parameter analysis
6.6 Frac-fluid flowback
6.7 Design proposals
6.8 Comparison with previous fracture job
7 Rod-shaped proppants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fracture conductivity
7.3 Numerical model
7.4 Sensitivity analysis
7.5 Application
8 Conclusions
9 References
Appendix A.