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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contents
Section I The Afferent Visual System
1 Examination of the Visual Sensory System
History
Clinical Office Examination
Visual Acuity
Contrast Sensitivity
Stereoacuity
Color Vision
Visual Field Examination
Pupillary Examination
Brightness Comparison
Photostress Recovery Test
Cranial Nerves, External Examination, Anterior Segment Examination, and Exophthalmometry
Fundus Examination
Ancillary Testing
Ocular Imaging
Electrophysiologic Testing
2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina and Optic Nerve
Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina
Cell Types and Layers of the Retina
Retinal Blood Vessels
Rod and Cone Through Pathways: Functional Considerations
Anatomy and Physiology of the Optic Nerve
Intraocular Optic Nerve (Optic Nerve Head)
Orbital Optic Nerve
Intracanalicular (Intraosseous) Optic Nerve
Intracranial Optic Nerve
Topographic Anatomy of the Optic Nerve
Topographic Diagnosis of Retinal Lesions
Distinguishing Retinal Disease From an Optic Neuropathy by Clinical Examination
Distinguishing Retinal Disease From an Optic Neuropathy by Visual Field
Appearance of the Optic Disc in Retinal Disease
Correlation Between Clinical Findings and Pathology
3 Neuroimaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Decision Making Before Ordering Imaging
Computed Tomography
CT Orbits
CT Head
CT Neck
CT Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Orbital Disorders
Central Nervous System Lesions
Vascular Disorders
Catheter Angiography and Venography
Other Imaging Modalities (Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Functional MRI)
Functional MRI
4 Congenital Anomalies of the Optic Disc
Anomalous Optic Disc Elevation (Pseudopapilledema).
Pseudopapilledema Associated With Optic Disc Drusen
Anomalous Disc Elevation Without Drusen
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Clinical Features
Associated Endocrinologic Deficiencies
Associated Central Nervous System Malformations
Systemic and Teratogenic Associations
Segmental Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Pathogenesis
Anomalous Optic Disc Excavation
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
Optic Disc Coloboma
Peripapillary Staphyloma
Megalopapilla
Optic Pit
Papillorenal Syndrome
Congenital Tilted Optic Disc Syndrome
Optic Disc Dysplasia
Congenital Optic Disc Pigmentation
Aicardi Syndrome
Doubling of the Optic Disc
Optic Nerve Aplasia
Myelinated (Medullated) Nerve Fibers
5 Topical Diagnosis of Acquired Optic Nerve Disorders
Appearance of the Disc
Optic Disc Swelling
Infiltration of the Optic Disc
Optic Atrophy
Syndromes of Prechiasmal Optic Nerve Dysfunction
Optociliary Shunts and the Syndrome of Chronic Optic Nerve Compression
Distal Optic Nerve Syndrome
Foster Kennedy Syndrome
Bilateral Superior or Inferior (Altitudinal) Hemianopia
Nasal Hemianopia
6 Papilledema
Measurements of Intracranial Pressure
Ophthalmoscopic Appearance of Papilledema
Stages of Papilledema
Other Signs of Papilledema
Chronic Papilledema
Postpapilledema Atrophy
Unilateral or Asymmetric Papilledema
Diagnosis of Papilledema
Course
Symptoms and Signs of Papilledema
Nonvisual Manifestations
Visual Manifestations
Etiology of Papilledema
Intracranial Masses
Disorders of CSF Flow
Syndromes of Elevated Venous Pressure
Trauma
Craniosynostoses
Extracranial Lesions
Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome
Diagnosis of PTCS
Etiology of PTCS
Pathophysiology of PTCS Not Associated With Other Factors
Complications
Treatment
Special Circumstances.
7 Optic Neuritis
Demyelinating Optic Neuritis
Acute Idiopathic Demyelinating Optic Neuritis
Chronic Demyelinating Optic Neuritis
Asymptomatic (Subclinical) Optic Neuritis
Optic Neuritis in Other Primary Demyelinating Diseases
Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis (Encephalitis Periaxialis Diffusa, Schilder Disease)
Encephalitis Periaxialis Concentrica (Concentric Sclerosis of Baló)
Causes of Optic Neuritis Other Than Primary Demyelination
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Associated Optic Neuritis
Infectious, Parainfectious, and Inflammatory Optic Neuritis
Miscellaneous Causes of Optic Neuritis
Optic Neuritis in Children
Neuroretinitis
Optic Perineuritis
8 Ischemic Optic Neuropathies
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AAION)
Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Settings of Hemodynamic Compromise
Radiation Optic Neuropathy
Ischemic Optic Disc Edema With Minimal Dysfunction
9 Compressive and Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies
Compressive Optic Neuropathies
Compressive Optic Neuropathies With Optic Disc Swelling (Anterior Compressive Optic Neuropathies)
Compressive Optic Neuropathies Without Optic Disc Swelling (Retrobulbar Compressive Optic Neuropathies)
Visual Recovery Following Decompression
Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies
Tumors
Inflammatory and Infectious Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies
10 Traumatic Optic Neuropathies
Classification
Epidemiology
Clinical Assessment
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Pharmacology
Management
11 Toxic and Deficiency Optic Neuropathies
Etiologic Criteria
Nutritional Optic Neuropathies
Toxic Optic Neuropathies.
Clinical Characteristics of Nutritional and Toxic Optic Neuropathies
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Nutritional Optic Neuropathies
Epidemic Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
Isolated Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
Specific Toxic Optic Neuropathies
Primary Toxic Optic Neuropathy: Ethambutol
Demyelinating Optic Neuropathy: Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors
Pseudotoxic Optic Neuropathy: Amiodarone
12 Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Monosymptomatic (Usually) Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Dominant Optic Atrophy
Other Isolated Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Hereditary Optic Atrophy With Other Neurologic or Systemic Signs
Progressive Optic Atrophy With Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus, and Hearing Loss (Wolfram Syndrome, DIDMOAD)
Complicated Hereditary Infantile Optic Atrophy (Behr Syndrome)
Optic Neuropathy in Hereditary Degenerative or Developmental Diseases
Hereditary Ataxias
Hereditary Polyneuropathies
Hereditary Optic Atrophy Associated With Diffuse White-Matter Disease
13 Topical Diagnosis of Optic Chiasmal and Postchiasmal Visual Pathway Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Optic Chiasmal Damage
Visual Field Defects
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Signs and Symptoms Associated With Optic Chiasmal Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Postchiasmal Visual Pathway Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Optic Tract Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Lateral Geniculate Body Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Optic Radiation Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Occipital Lobe and Striate Cortex Damage
Treatment and Rehabilitation for Homonymous Hemianopia
14 Central Disorders of Visual Function
Segregation of Visual Inputs
Blindsight and Residual Vision
Cerebral Achromatopsia
Prosopagnosia and Related Disturbances of Object Recognition
Acquired Alexia.
Disorders of Motion Perception (Cerebral Akinetopsia)
Balint Syndrome and Related Visuospatial Disorders
Positive Visual Phenomena
Visual Perseveration
Visual Hallucinations
Visual Distortions (Dysmetropsia)
Visual Snow Syndrome
Tests of Higher Visual Function
Glossary of Cerebral Visual Deficits
Section II The Pupil
15 Examination of the Pupils and Accommodation
Assessment of Pupillary Size, Shape, and Function
History
Examination
Pharmacologic Testing
Assessment of Accommodation, Convergence, and the Near Response
History
Examination
16 Disorders of Pupillary Function and Accommodation
Disorders of Pupillary Function
Efferent Abnormalities: Anisocoria
Afferent Abnormalities
Light-Near Dissociation
Disturbances During Seizures
Disturbances in Coma
Disturbances in Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
Drug Effects
Structural Defects of the Iris
Disorders of Accommodation
Accommodation Insufficiency and Paralysis
Accommodation Spasm and Spasm of the Near Reflex
Disorders of Lacrimation
Generalized Disturbances of Autonomic Function
Section III The Efferent System
17 Examination of Ocular Motility and Alignment
History
Diplopia
Visual Confusion
Blurred Vision
Vestibular Symptoms: Vertigo, Oscillopsia, and Tilt
Examination
Fixation and Gaze-Holding Ability
Range of Eye Movements
Ocular Alignment
Performance of Versions
18 Supranuclear and Internuclear Ocular Motor Disorders
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Medulla
Wallenberg Syndrome (Lateral Medullary Infarction)
Skew Deviation and the Ocular Tilt Reaction
Syndrome of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Syndrome of the Superior Cerebellar Artery
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Cerebellum.
Location of Lesions and Their Manifestations.
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contents
Section I The Afferent Visual System
1 Examination of the Visual Sensory System
History
Clinical Office Examination
Visual Acuity
Contrast Sensitivity
Stereoacuity
Color Vision
Visual Field Examination
Pupillary Examination
Brightness Comparison
Photostress Recovery Test
Cranial Nerves, External Examination, Anterior Segment Examination, and Exophthalmometry
Fundus Examination
Ancillary Testing
Ocular Imaging
Electrophysiologic Testing
2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina and Optic Nerve
Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina
Cell Types and Layers of the Retina
Retinal Blood Vessels
Rod and Cone Through Pathways: Functional Considerations
Anatomy and Physiology of the Optic Nerve
Intraocular Optic Nerve (Optic Nerve Head)
Orbital Optic Nerve
Intracanalicular (Intraosseous) Optic Nerve
Intracranial Optic Nerve
Topographic Anatomy of the Optic Nerve
Topographic Diagnosis of Retinal Lesions
Distinguishing Retinal Disease From an Optic Neuropathy by Clinical Examination
Distinguishing Retinal Disease From an Optic Neuropathy by Visual Field
Appearance of the Optic Disc in Retinal Disease
Correlation Between Clinical Findings and Pathology
3 Neuroimaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Decision Making Before Ordering Imaging
Computed Tomography
CT Orbits
CT Head
CT Neck
CT Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Orbital Disorders
Central Nervous System Lesions
Vascular Disorders
Catheter Angiography and Venography
Other Imaging Modalities (Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Functional MRI)
Functional MRI
4 Congenital Anomalies of the Optic Disc
Anomalous Optic Disc Elevation (Pseudopapilledema).
Pseudopapilledema Associated With Optic Disc Drusen
Anomalous Disc Elevation Without Drusen
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Clinical Features
Associated Endocrinologic Deficiencies
Associated Central Nervous System Malformations
Systemic and Teratogenic Associations
Segmental Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Pathogenesis
Anomalous Optic Disc Excavation
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
Optic Disc Coloboma
Peripapillary Staphyloma
Megalopapilla
Optic Pit
Papillorenal Syndrome
Congenital Tilted Optic Disc Syndrome
Optic Disc Dysplasia
Congenital Optic Disc Pigmentation
Aicardi Syndrome
Doubling of the Optic Disc
Optic Nerve Aplasia
Myelinated (Medullated) Nerve Fibers
5 Topical Diagnosis of Acquired Optic Nerve Disorders
Appearance of the Disc
Optic Disc Swelling
Infiltration of the Optic Disc
Optic Atrophy
Syndromes of Prechiasmal Optic Nerve Dysfunction
Optociliary Shunts and the Syndrome of Chronic Optic Nerve Compression
Distal Optic Nerve Syndrome
Foster Kennedy Syndrome
Bilateral Superior or Inferior (Altitudinal) Hemianopia
Nasal Hemianopia
6 Papilledema
Measurements of Intracranial Pressure
Ophthalmoscopic Appearance of Papilledema
Stages of Papilledema
Other Signs of Papilledema
Chronic Papilledema
Postpapilledema Atrophy
Unilateral or Asymmetric Papilledema
Diagnosis of Papilledema
Course
Symptoms and Signs of Papilledema
Nonvisual Manifestations
Visual Manifestations
Etiology of Papilledema
Intracranial Masses
Disorders of CSF Flow
Syndromes of Elevated Venous Pressure
Trauma
Craniosynostoses
Extracranial Lesions
Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome
Diagnosis of PTCS
Etiology of PTCS
Pathophysiology of PTCS Not Associated With Other Factors
Complications
Treatment
Special Circumstances.
7 Optic Neuritis
Demyelinating Optic Neuritis
Acute Idiopathic Demyelinating Optic Neuritis
Chronic Demyelinating Optic Neuritis
Asymptomatic (Subclinical) Optic Neuritis
Optic Neuritis in Other Primary Demyelinating Diseases
Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis (Encephalitis Periaxialis Diffusa, Schilder Disease)
Encephalitis Periaxialis Concentrica (Concentric Sclerosis of Baló)
Causes of Optic Neuritis Other Than Primary Demyelination
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Associated Optic Neuritis
Infectious, Parainfectious, and Inflammatory Optic Neuritis
Miscellaneous Causes of Optic Neuritis
Optic Neuritis in Children
Neuroretinitis
Optic Perineuritis
8 Ischemic Optic Neuropathies
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AAION)
Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Settings of Hemodynamic Compromise
Radiation Optic Neuropathy
Ischemic Optic Disc Edema With Minimal Dysfunction
9 Compressive and Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies
Compressive Optic Neuropathies
Compressive Optic Neuropathies With Optic Disc Swelling (Anterior Compressive Optic Neuropathies)
Compressive Optic Neuropathies Without Optic Disc Swelling (Retrobulbar Compressive Optic Neuropathies)
Visual Recovery Following Decompression
Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies
Tumors
Inflammatory and Infectious Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies
10 Traumatic Optic Neuropathies
Classification
Epidemiology
Clinical Assessment
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Pharmacology
Management
11 Toxic and Deficiency Optic Neuropathies
Etiologic Criteria
Nutritional Optic Neuropathies
Toxic Optic Neuropathies.
Clinical Characteristics of Nutritional and Toxic Optic Neuropathies
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Nutritional Optic Neuropathies
Epidemic Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
Isolated Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
Specific Toxic Optic Neuropathies
Primary Toxic Optic Neuropathy: Ethambutol
Demyelinating Optic Neuropathy: Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors
Pseudotoxic Optic Neuropathy: Amiodarone
12 Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Monosymptomatic (Usually) Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Dominant Optic Atrophy
Other Isolated Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Hereditary Optic Atrophy With Other Neurologic or Systemic Signs
Progressive Optic Atrophy With Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus, and Hearing Loss (Wolfram Syndrome, DIDMOAD)
Complicated Hereditary Infantile Optic Atrophy (Behr Syndrome)
Optic Neuropathy in Hereditary Degenerative or Developmental Diseases
Hereditary Ataxias
Hereditary Polyneuropathies
Hereditary Optic Atrophy Associated With Diffuse White-Matter Disease
13 Topical Diagnosis of Optic Chiasmal and Postchiasmal Visual Pathway Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Optic Chiasmal Damage
Visual Field Defects
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Signs and Symptoms Associated With Optic Chiasmal Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Postchiasmal Visual Pathway Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Optic Tract Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Lateral Geniculate Body Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Optic Radiation Damage
Topical Diagnosis of Occipital Lobe and Striate Cortex Damage
Treatment and Rehabilitation for Homonymous Hemianopia
14 Central Disorders of Visual Function
Segregation of Visual Inputs
Blindsight and Residual Vision
Cerebral Achromatopsia
Prosopagnosia and Related Disturbances of Object Recognition
Acquired Alexia.
Disorders of Motion Perception (Cerebral Akinetopsia)
Balint Syndrome and Related Visuospatial Disorders
Positive Visual Phenomena
Visual Perseveration
Visual Hallucinations
Visual Distortions (Dysmetropsia)
Visual Snow Syndrome
Tests of Higher Visual Function
Glossary of Cerebral Visual Deficits
Section II The Pupil
15 Examination of the Pupils and Accommodation
Assessment of Pupillary Size, Shape, and Function
History
Examination
Pharmacologic Testing
Assessment of Accommodation, Convergence, and the Near Response
History
Examination
16 Disorders of Pupillary Function and Accommodation
Disorders of Pupillary Function
Efferent Abnormalities: Anisocoria
Afferent Abnormalities
Light-Near Dissociation
Disturbances During Seizures
Disturbances in Coma
Disturbances in Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
Drug Effects
Structural Defects of the Iris
Disorders of Accommodation
Accommodation Insufficiency and Paralysis
Accommodation Spasm and Spasm of the Near Reflex
Disorders of Lacrimation
Generalized Disturbances of Autonomic Function
Section III The Efferent System
17 Examination of Ocular Motility and Alignment
History
Diplopia
Visual Confusion
Blurred Vision
Vestibular Symptoms: Vertigo, Oscillopsia, and Tilt
Examination
Fixation and Gaze-Holding Ability
Range of Eye Movements
Ocular Alignment
Performance of Versions
18 Supranuclear and Internuclear Ocular Motor Disorders
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Medulla
Wallenberg Syndrome (Lateral Medullary Infarction)
Skew Deviation and the Ocular Tilt Reaction
Syndrome of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Syndrome of the Superior Cerebellar Artery
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Cerebellum.
Location of Lesions and Their Manifestations.