Intro
List of contributors
Preface
Introduction of the Hanzelijn Archaeological Project
1.1 Organisation
1.2 The archaeological project
1.3 Knowledge Development Program Archaeology Hanzelijn 2012‑2020
1.4 Some retrospective remarks
1.5 Acknowledgements
1.6 In memoriam Dr. Karen E. Waugh
The cradle of the Swifterbant culture
50 years of archaeological investigations in the province of Flevoland
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of the polders
2.3 Research traditions in the polder
2.4 Research topics and approaches
2.5 The positioning of the Swifterbant culture
2.6 Archaeology and the public
2.7 Conclusions
Hidden landscapes
Mapping and evaluating deeply buried remains of human activity
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Climate, sea level rise and the structure of the subsurface
3.2.1 Overview of developments
3.2.2 Sea-level and groundwater-level rise in Flevoland
3.2.3 The structure of the subsurface
3.3 The character and quality of archaeological remains
3.3.1 Differences in character
3.3.2 Differences in preservation
3.4 Mapping hidden landscape units
3.4.1 Site versus landscape perspective
3.4.2 The practice of field surveys
3.5 The identification of sites: on statistics and indicators
3.5.1 The statistical uncertainty of sampling
3.5.2 Indicators as evidence of the presence of sites
3.6 Excavations: windows on the past
3.7 Conclusions
Exploiting a changing landscape: subsistence, habitation and skills
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Taphonomy and analysis: the representativeness and interpretive value of find assemblages
4.3 Wild and domesticated mammals as sources of food
4.4 Fishing in a drowning landscape
4.5 Birds in the diet
4.6 Plant resources in the food economy
4.6.1 Wild plants
4.6.2 Cultivated crops
4.6.3 Cultivation.

4.7 Food preparation and consumption
4.7.1 Animal foods
4.7.2 Plant food sources
4.7.3 Consumption
4.8 Resources and technology
4.8.1 Availability of and animal resources
4.8.2 Use and selection of plant resources
4.8.3 The utilisation of animal resources
4.8.4 Origin of lithic materials
4.8.5 Use of flint and other lithic material
4.8.6 Pottery production
4.8.7 Wood tar production?
4.9 Habitation patterns
4.9.1 Mesolithic
4.9.2 Swifterbant, Pre-Drouwen and Funnel Beaker occupation
4.9.3 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age
4.9.4 People on the move
4.10 Conclusions
People, ritual and meaning
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Burial practice
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Late Mesolithic and Early Swifterbant
5.2.3 Classical Swifterbant and Pre-Drouwen
5.2.4 Late Neolithic
5.2.5 Conclusions
5.3 Other cultural practices with human bones
5.4 Depositions
5.5 Materiality
5.6 Conclusions
From land to water
Geomorphological, hydrological and ecological developments in Flevoland from the Late Glacial to the end of the Subboreal
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Study of the history of the Flevoland landscape in broad outline
6.3 Landscape dynamics in Flevoland
6.3.1 Late Glacial: c. 12,500 - 9800 cal. BC (Late Palaeolithic)
6.3.2 Preboreal: c. 9800 - 8200 cal. BC (Early and start of Middle Mesolithic)
6.3.3 Boreal: 8200 - 7000 cal. BC (Middle Mesolithic)
6.3.4 Early Atlantic : 7000 - 6000 cal. BC (Middle and early Late Mesolithic)
6.3.5 Middle and Late Atlantic : 6000 - 3700 cal. BC (Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic)
6.3.6 Subboreal: c. 3700 - 1100 cal. BC (Middle Neolithic - Late Bronze Age)
6.4 A new view of the landscape
6.4.1 Pine woodlands and heathlands in the Atlantic (7000 - 3700 cal. BC).

6.4.2 No salt marshes or tides in the Late Atlantic (5000 - 3700 cal. BC)
6.4.3 Lakes and large-scale peat accumulation in the Subboreal (circa 3700 - 1100 cal. BC)
6.5 Three windows of observation
6.5.1 Zuidelijk Flevoland: Hoge Vaart-Eem microregion between 7000 and 4000 cal. BC
6.5.2 Oostelijk Flevoland: Swifterbant microregion between 8300 and 3700 BC
6.5.3 Noordoostpolder: Schokland-Urk microregion between 5000 and 1250 cal. BC
6.6 Conclusions
Transformations in a forager and farmer landscape
A cultural biography of prehistoric Flevoland
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The landscape as a source of subsistence
7.3 Cultural structuration of the environment
7.4 Socio-cultural relationships
7.5 Conclusions
Appendix I. Site Atlas Windows of observation
The quality, nature and context of excavated prehistoric sites in Flevoland: site atlas
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Zuidelijk Flevoland
I.2.1 Almere - Hoge Vaart/A27
I.2.2 Almere - Europakwartier Site 7
I.2.3 Almere - Zwaanpad
I.2.4 Zeewolde - Oz35/Oz36
I.3 Oostelijk Flevoland
I.3.1 Dronten N23/N307 - Site 5
I.3.2 Hanzelijn - Area VIII
I.3.3 Hanzelijn - Drontermeer Tunnel (area XVI)
I.3.4 Swifterbant Cluster
I.4 Noordoostpolder
I.4.1 Emmeloord J97
I.4.2 Schokkerhaven-E170
I.4.3 Schokland P14
I.4.4 Urk - E4
Appendix II. Glossary plant species
Literature
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