Intro
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors' Contact Information
List of Contibutors
Chapter 1
Acute Kidney Injury: A Primer
Abstract
Acute Kidney Injury: Introduction
Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury
Contrast-Induced AKI
AKI after Cardiac Surgery
Cardiorenal Syndrome
Hepatorenal Syndrome
AKI Pathophysiology
Clinical Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Renal Replacement Therapy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Approach to the Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury
Abstract

Introduction
Diagnostic Criteria and Nomenclature for Staging
Frameworks for Diagnosis of AKI Etiologies
Anatomic Framework: Pre-, Intrinsic-, and Post-Renal
Pre-Renal AKI
Intrinsic Renal AKI
Post-Renal AKI
Alternative Framework: Functional and Injury Criteria
Advances in AKI Diagnosis and Prognostication
Cystatin C
Biomarkers
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Principles of Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Abstract
Introduction to Management of AKI
One Size Does Not Fit All
Recognize Acuity and Anticipate Sequelae

Formulating a Treatment Plan for AKI Begins with Targeted History Taking
Obstructive Uropathy
The Volume-Depleted Patient
The Volume Overloaded Patient
The Euvolemic Patient
Role for Dialysis in AKI
Medication Dosing in AKI
References
Chapter 4
Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury
Biomarkers and Other Novel Tests
Abstract
Introduction
Acute Kidney Disease and Worsening Kidney Function
The Need for Biomarkers
Biomarkers in AKI: Clinical Role
Permissive Hypercreatininemia
Biomarkers in AKI: Research Aspects
Individual AKI Biomarkers

Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin
Nephrocheck
Kidney Injury Molecule-1
Albuminuria
Interleukin-18
Liver-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein
Dickkopf-3
Uromodulin
Proenkephalin A
Osteopontin
Others
Furosemide Stress Test
Renal Functional Reserve Testing
Artificial Intelligence and AKI
Evidence for Biomarkers and AKI Prediction
Biomarkers in Contrast Associated AKI
Biomarkers in Postoperative AKI
Biomarkers in Hepatorenal AKI
Biomarkers Used to Differentiate Tubular Injury from Hypercreatininemia
Role of Biomarkers in Research

Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Consensus Statement
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Non-Invasive Imaging in Acute Kidney Injury
Abstract
Introduction
Ultrasound
Introduction
History
Basics of Ultrasound Physics
Transducer Selection
Ultrasound Modes
Basic Technique
Kidney Appearance
Advantages of Ultrasound
Echogenicity
Size and Cortical Thickness
Hydronephrosis
Renal Calculi
Other Findings
Kidney Transplant Allograft
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Introduction
Kidney Ultrasound