Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
Part I Introduction
1 Isotope Dendrochronology: Historical Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Origins
1.3 Advances
1.3.1 20th Century Spin Up
1.3.2 21st Century Expansion
1.4 Emerging Directions
1.5 Conclusions
References
2 Dendrochronology: Fundamentals and Innovations
2.1 The Annual Ring-The Keeper of Time in Dendrochronology
2.1.1 Inter-Annual Variations in Tree-Rings and Tree-Ring Parameters
2.2 Crossdating
2.3 Sampling and Site Selection

2.4 Deconstructing Variability in Tree-Ring Data
2.4.1 The Linear Aggregate Model
2.4.2 Detrending and Standardization
2.4.3 Long-Term Trends in Tree-Ring Data
2.5 Chronology Development, Confidence, Sample Replication, Coherence, and Variance
2.5.1 Tree-Ring Chronologies
2.5.2 Assessment of Chronology Confidence
2.5.3 Variance Changes in Composite Time-Series
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Anatomical, Developmental and Physiological Bases of Tree-Ring Formation in Relation to Environmental Factors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wood Structure and Functions

3.2.1 Xylem Anatomy
3.2.2 Xylem Cell Wall Structure and Composition
3.3 The Biological Basis of Wood Formation in Relation to Tree Development
3.3.1 The Successive Stages of Xylem Cell Differentiation
3.3.2 Heartwood Formation
3.3.3 Influence of Environmental Factors on Wood Formation Processes
3.4 Seasonal Dynamics of Wood Formation in Relation to Tree Phenology
3.4.1 The Phenology of Cambium and Xylem
3.4.2 The Phenology of Leaves, Roots and Reserves
3.4.3 Seasonal Dynamics of Wood Formation in Relation to Organ Phenology

3.4.4 Influence of Environment on Seasonal Dynamics of Wood Formation and Tree Phenology
3.5 Kinetics of Tracheid Differentiation in Relation with Tree Physiology
3.5.1 From Wood Formation Dynamics to the Kinetics of Tracheid Differentiation
3.5.2 Influence of Environmental Factors on the Kinetics of Wood Formation
3.6 How Wood Formation Monitoring Can Help to Better Understand Tree-Ring Isotopic Signal
References
Part II Methods
4 Sample Collection and Preparation for Annual and Intra-annual Tree-Ring Isotope Chronologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sample Collection

4.2.1 Site and Tree Selection
4.2.2 Sample Replication
4.2.3 Choosing Field Sampling Equipment
4.3 Sample Preparation
4.3.1 Sampling Resolution
4.3.2 Sample Pooling
4.3.3 Particle Size Requirements for Chemical Extraction and Analytical Repeatability
4.4 Towards Subseasonal-Resolution Analyses of Tree-Ring Records
4.4.1 Important Considerations
4.4.2 Sampling Resolution Comparison
4.4.3 Case Study: Pinus Ponderosa Growing in Southwestern US [Southern Arizona]
4.4.4 Preliminary Assessments
4.5 Conclusion
References