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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Preface
Disclosure
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Editors
Contributors
1: History of Cardiovascular 3D Printing
References
2: The Methods of Cardiovascular 3D Printing
2.1 Acquisition of Cardiovascular Imaging Data
2.1.1 Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)
2.1.2 3D Echocardiography
2.1.3 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
2.2 Model Reconstruction and Postprocessing
2.2.1 Model Reconstruction of Cardiovascular 3d Printing
2.2.2 Postprocessing
2.3 3D Printing Technology of Cardiovascular Models
2.3.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
2.3.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
2.3.3 Color Inkjet Printing (CJP)
2.3.4 Stereolithography (SLA)
2.3.5 Material Jetting (MJ)
2.4 Scientific Selection of 3D Printers
References
3: Selection of Cardiovascular 3D Printing Materials
3.1 Synthetic Materials
3.1.1 Commercial Material System
3.1.2 Elastomers
3.1.3 Layer Materials
3.1.4 3D Printing Actuator
3.2 Bio-Printing Materials
3.2.1 Characteristics of Bio-Ink
3.2.2 Bio-Ink
3.2.3 Natural Bio-Ink
3.2.4 Synthetic Bio-Ink
3.3 Summary
5.1.2 Application of 3D Printing Technology in Interventional Treatment of CHDs
5.2 3D Printing of Prenatal Heart Disease
5.3 3D Printing Protocol in Prenatal Diagnosis
5.3.1 Image Acquisition, Segmentation, and Model Design
5.3.2 Applications of 3D-Printed Models of CHD in Prenatal Diagnosis [1, 29, 57, 58]
References
Section 5.1
Section 5.2
6: Valvular Disease and Three-Dimensional Printing
6.1 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement and Three-Dimensional Printing
6.1.1 Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis
6.1.2 Pathophysiology of Aortic Insufficiency
6.1.3 Anatomy of the Aortic Root and Aortic Valve
6.1.3.1 Aortic Root
6.1.3.2 Aortic Valve Leaflet and Sinus
6.1.3.3 Aortic Annulus and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement of a Virtual Annulus in the Aortic Root
6.1.4 Transcatheter Aortic Valve
6.1.5 Advantages of Three-Dimensional Printing in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
6.1.5.1 Evaluation of Paravalvular Leakage
6.1.5.2 Prediction of the Possibility of Conduction Block
6.1.5.3 Acute and Delayed Coronary Artery Occlusion
6.1.5.4 Treatment of a Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Foreword
Preface
Disclosure
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Editors
Contributors
1: History of Cardiovascular 3D Printing
References
2: The Methods of Cardiovascular 3D Printing
2.1 Acquisition of Cardiovascular Imaging Data
2.1.1 Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)
2.1.2 3D Echocardiography
2.1.3 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
2.2 Model Reconstruction and Postprocessing
2.2.1 Model Reconstruction of Cardiovascular 3d Printing
2.2.2 Postprocessing
2.3 3D Printing Technology of Cardiovascular Models
2.3.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
2.3.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
2.3.3 Color Inkjet Printing (CJP)
2.3.4 Stereolithography (SLA)
2.3.5 Material Jetting (MJ)
2.4 Scientific Selection of 3D Printers
References
3: Selection of Cardiovascular 3D Printing Materials
3.1 Synthetic Materials
3.1.1 Commercial Material System
3.1.2 Elastomers
3.1.3 Layer Materials
3.1.4 3D Printing Actuator
3.2 Bio-Printing Materials
3.2.1 Characteristics of Bio-Ink
3.2.2 Bio-Ink
3.2.3 Natural Bio-Ink
3.2.4 Synthetic Bio-Ink
3.3 Summary
5.1.2 Application of 3D Printing Technology in Interventional Treatment of CHDs
5.2 3D Printing of Prenatal Heart Disease
5.3 3D Printing Protocol in Prenatal Diagnosis
5.3.1 Image Acquisition, Segmentation, and Model Design
5.3.2 Applications of 3D-Printed Models of CHD in Prenatal Diagnosis [1, 29, 57, 58]
References
Section 5.1
Section 5.2
6: Valvular Disease and Three-Dimensional Printing
6.1 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement and Three-Dimensional Printing
6.1.1 Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis
6.1.2 Pathophysiology of Aortic Insufficiency
6.1.3 Anatomy of the Aortic Root and Aortic Valve
6.1.3.1 Aortic Root
6.1.3.2 Aortic Valve Leaflet and Sinus
6.1.3.3 Aortic Annulus and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement of a Virtual Annulus in the Aortic Root
6.1.4 Transcatheter Aortic Valve
6.1.5 Advantages of Three-Dimensional Printing in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
6.1.5.1 Evaluation of Paravalvular Leakage
6.1.5.2 Prediction of the Possibility of Conduction Block
6.1.5.3 Acute and Delayed Coronary Artery Occlusion
6.1.5.4 Treatment of a Bicuspid Aortic Valve