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Table of Contents
Intro
Contents
About the Author
1: Introduction and Basic Techniques of Aspiration Cytology in Superficial and Deep Lesions
1.1 Advantages [1-5]
1.2 Needle Tract Seeding
1.3 The Basic Technique of FNAC
1.4 Post FNAC
1.4.1 Fine-Needle Sampling Technique
1.4.2 Fixatives
1.4.3 Staining
1.5 Deep-Seated FNAC
1.5.1 Indications of Deep-Seated Lesions
1.6 USG Guided FNAC (Fig. 1.5)
1.7 CT Guided FNAC
1.8 Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided
1.9 Magnetic Resonance Image Guided
1.10 Mammographic Guided
References
2: Interpretation of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Smear
2.1 Malignant Cells
2.1.1 Cell
2.1.2 Nucleus
2.2 Interpretation of FNAC Smear
2.3 Evaluation of the Cytological Features
2.3.1 Cellular Arrangement
2.4 Individual Cells
2.4.1 Cell Shape
2.4.2 Cytoplasm
2.4.3 Cytoplasmic Area
2.4.4 Vacuolation in Cytoplasm
2.5 Nucleus
2.5.1 Nuclear Pleomorphism
2.5.2 Nuclear Margin
2.5.3 Nucleoli
2.5.4 Background of the Smear
2.5.5 False-Positive Cases
2.6 False-Negative Smear
References
3: Aspiration Cytology of Head, Neck and Orbital Lesions
3.1 Cysts in the Neck Region
3.1.1 Branchial Cyst [1-4]
3.1.2 Thyroglossal Cyst [5, 6]
3.1.3 Cystic Hygroma [7]
3.1.4 Acquired Cyst
3.1.4.1 Non-neoplastic
3.1.5 Mucocele [9]
3.2 Lymph Node Lesion in Head-Neck Region
3.2.1 Difficulties
3.3 Paraganglioma [10-12]
3.3.1 Carotid Body Tumour [11, 13]
3.3.2 Differential Diagnosis (Figs. 3.34, 3.35, and 3.36)
3.3.3 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) [14-16]
3.3.4 Parathyroid Neoplasm [17-20]
3.3.5 Meningioma [21-27]
3.3.6 Olfactory Neuroblastoma [28, 29]
3.4 Lesions in the Base of the Skull
3.4.1 Orbital lesion
3.4.2 Lesions of the Eyelid
3.4.3 Tumours of the Eyelid
3.4.3.1 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) [30, 31]
3.4.3.2 Sebaceous Carcinoma [32-34]
3.5 Lacrimal gland
3.5.1 Pleomorphic Adenoma [35]
3.5.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ADC)
3.5.3 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
3.5.4 Intraorbital Tumours
3.5.4.1 Retinoblastoma [36-38]
3.5.5 Malignant melanoma [39-41]
3.5.6 Rhabdomyosarcoma
3.5.7 Acute Leukaemia Infiltration
3.5.8 Lymphoma [35, 42-44]
3.5.9 Metastatic Malignancy [35, 45-49]
References
4: Aspiration Cytology of Salivary Gland
4.1 The Major Advantages of FNAC [1-4]
4.1.1 Complications of FNAC
4.1.2 Anatomy and Histology of the Salivary Glands
4.1.3 Parotid Gland
4.1.4 Submandibular Gland
4.1.5 Sublingual Gland
4.1.5.1 Histology of the Salivary Gland
4.1.6 Cytology of the Salivary Gland (Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5)
4.2 Diagnostic Accuracy
4.2.1 Causes of False-Positive FNAC
4.2.2 Causes of False-Negative FNAC [10]
4.2.3 The Major Difficulties in the Diagnosis [10]
Contents
About the Author
1: Introduction and Basic Techniques of Aspiration Cytology in Superficial and Deep Lesions
1.1 Advantages [1-5]
1.2 Needle Tract Seeding
1.3 The Basic Technique of FNAC
1.4 Post FNAC
1.4.1 Fine-Needle Sampling Technique
1.4.2 Fixatives
1.4.3 Staining
1.5 Deep-Seated FNAC
1.5.1 Indications of Deep-Seated Lesions
1.6 USG Guided FNAC (Fig. 1.5)
1.7 CT Guided FNAC
1.8 Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided
1.9 Magnetic Resonance Image Guided
1.10 Mammographic Guided
References
2: Interpretation of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Smear
2.1 Malignant Cells
2.1.1 Cell
2.1.2 Nucleus
2.2 Interpretation of FNAC Smear
2.3 Evaluation of the Cytological Features
2.3.1 Cellular Arrangement
2.4 Individual Cells
2.4.1 Cell Shape
2.4.2 Cytoplasm
2.4.3 Cytoplasmic Area
2.4.4 Vacuolation in Cytoplasm
2.5 Nucleus
2.5.1 Nuclear Pleomorphism
2.5.2 Nuclear Margin
2.5.3 Nucleoli
2.5.4 Background of the Smear
2.5.5 False-Positive Cases
2.6 False-Negative Smear
References
3: Aspiration Cytology of Head, Neck and Orbital Lesions
3.1 Cysts in the Neck Region
3.1.1 Branchial Cyst [1-4]
3.1.2 Thyroglossal Cyst [5, 6]
3.1.3 Cystic Hygroma [7]
3.1.4 Acquired Cyst
3.1.4.1 Non-neoplastic
3.1.5 Mucocele [9]
3.2 Lymph Node Lesion in Head-Neck Region
3.2.1 Difficulties
3.3 Paraganglioma [10-12]
3.3.1 Carotid Body Tumour [11, 13]
3.3.2 Differential Diagnosis (Figs. 3.34, 3.35, and 3.36)
3.3.3 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) [14-16]
3.3.4 Parathyroid Neoplasm [17-20]
3.3.5 Meningioma [21-27]
3.3.6 Olfactory Neuroblastoma [28, 29]
3.4 Lesions in the Base of the Skull
3.4.1 Orbital lesion
3.4.2 Lesions of the Eyelid
3.4.3 Tumours of the Eyelid
3.4.3.1 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) [30, 31]
3.4.3.2 Sebaceous Carcinoma [32-34]
3.5 Lacrimal gland
3.5.1 Pleomorphic Adenoma [35]
3.5.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ADC)
3.5.3 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
3.5.4 Intraorbital Tumours
3.5.4.1 Retinoblastoma [36-38]
3.5.5 Malignant melanoma [39-41]
3.5.6 Rhabdomyosarcoma
3.5.7 Acute Leukaemia Infiltration
3.5.8 Lymphoma [35, 42-44]
3.5.9 Metastatic Malignancy [35, 45-49]
References
4: Aspiration Cytology of Salivary Gland
4.1 The Major Advantages of FNAC [1-4]
4.1.1 Complications of FNAC
4.1.2 Anatomy and Histology of the Salivary Glands
4.1.3 Parotid Gland
4.1.4 Submandibular Gland
4.1.5 Sublingual Gland
4.1.5.1 Histology of the Salivary Gland
4.1.6 Cytology of the Salivary Gland (Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5)
4.2 Diagnostic Accuracy
4.2.1 Causes of False-Positive FNAC
4.2.2 Causes of False-Negative FNAC [10]
4.2.3 The Major Difficulties in the Diagnosis [10]