Intro
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Associate Editors
Contributors
1: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Epidemiology
1.3 Pathogenesis
1.3.1 Age and Gonadal Hormone
1.3.2 Inflammation
1.4 Manifestation
1.5 Diagnosis
References
2: The Treatment of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
2.1 Pharmacotherapy
2.2 Surgical Therapy
2.2.1 Open Surgery
2.2.2 Transurethral Resection of Prostate
2.3 Minimally Invasive Treatment
2.3.1 Transurethral Microwave Treatment
2.3.2 Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate

2.3.3 Laser Treatments of the Prostate
2.3.4 Intraprostatic Stents
2.3.5 Intraprostatic Injections
2.3.6 Prostatic Urethral Lift
2.3.7 Aquablation
2.3.8 Rezum
2.3.9 Prostatic Artery Embolization
References
3: The History of Prostatic Arterial Embolization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Prostatic Arterial Embolization
3.3 Prostatic Arteries: Imaging Anatomy
3.4 PAE: Early Outcomes
3.4.1 Technical Success
3.4.2 Clinical Success
3.4.2.1 PAE: Outcomes of the Single-Arm Non-randomized Control Study

3.4.2.2 PAE: Outcomes of the Randomized Controlled Trials
3.4.2.3 PAE: Predictors for the Clinical Outcomes
3.5 PAE: Complications
3.5.1 Major Complications
3.5.2 Minor Complications
3.5.3 PAE: Radiation Injuries
3.6 Conclusions
References
4: Prostatic Artery Anatomy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pelvic Arterial Anatomy
4.3 Prostate Arterial Anatomy: Imaging Evaluation
4.4 Prostate Arterial Anatomy: Type I Pattern
4.5 Prostate Arterial Anatomy: Type II Pattern
4.6 Prostate Arterial Anatomy: Type III Pattern

4.7 Prostate Arterial Anatomy: Type IV Pattern
4.8 Prostate Arterial Anatomy: Type V Pattern
4.9 Prostate Arterial Anastomosis
4.10 Summary
References
5: Pre-prostatic Arterial Embolization Preparation
5.1 Pre-procedure Testing
5.1.1 Laboratory Tests
5.1.2 International Prostate Symptom Score
5.1.3 Quality of Life
5.1.4 International Index of Erectile Function short form:
5.1.5 Postvoid Residual Urine Volume
5.1.6 Peak/Maximum Urinary Flow Rate
5.2 Pre-procedure Imaging
5.2.1 Ultrasound

5.2.2 Pelvic CT and CT Angiography (CTA) Prior to PAE
5.2.3 Pelvic MRA Prior to PAE
5.2.4 Intra-Procedural Cone-Beam CT
5.3 Indications and Contraindications
5.3.1 Indications
5.3.2 Contraindications
5.4 Pre-procedure Preparation
5.5 Selection of Embolic Agents
5.5.1 Type of Embolic Agents
5.5.2 Optimal Sizes of Embolic Agents
5.5.3 Coil Embolization
References
6: The Procedure of Prostatic Arterial Embolization
6.1 Angiography
6.1.1 Arterial Access
6.1.2 DSA Procedures
6.1.3 Cone-Beam CT Prior to Embolization
6.2 Embolization