Intro
Contents
Abbreviations
Part I: Embriology and Normal Radiologic Anatomy
Embryology and Development of the Liver
1 Embryonic Layout at Third Week of Development
2 Embryonic Folding
3 Formation of the Abdominal Cavity
4 Dorsal and Ventral Mesentery
5 Initial Liver Development from the Primitive Gut
6 Liver Parenchyma and Vasculature
7 Liver Hemopoiesis
8 Cell Lineages in the Liver
9 Ventral Mesentery and Liver Peritoneum
10 Liver Localization Following Intestinal Folding
References
Liver Anatomy
1 Macroscopic Liver Anatomy

1.1 Liver Surface
1.2 Liver Relations with Adjacent Organs
1.3 Liver Ligaments
1.4 Liver Vascular Systems and Bile Ducts
1.4.1 Hepatic Artery
1.4.2 Bile Ducts
1.4.3 Portal Vein System
1.4.4 Hepatic Veins
1.4.5 Minor Arterial and Venous Supply of the Liver
1.5 Hepatic Lymphatic Drainage
1.6 Liver Innervation
1.7 Liver Segmentation
1.8 Liver Variants
1.8.1 Intrahepatic Portal Vein Variants
1.8.2 Hepatic Artery Variants
1.8.3 Hepatic Vein Variants
1.8.4 Intrahepatic Bile Duct Variants
1.8.5 Subvesical Bile Ducts

1.8.6 Liver Location Variants
1.8.7 Liver Morphology Variants
2 Microscopic Liver Anatomy
2.1 Hepatic Lobule (Classic Lobule)
2.1.1 Hepatocyte
2.1.2 Biliary Tree
2.1.3 Sinusoid
2.1.4 Space of Disse
2.1.5 Ito Cell
2.1.6 Portal Triad
2.1.7 Blood Supply of Liver
2.2 Portal Lobule
2.3 Liver Acinus (Acinus of Rappaport)
2.4 Liver Functions
2.4.1 Biliary Secretion and Bilirubin Metabolism
2.4.2 Drug Metabolism and Detoxification of Toxic Substances
2.4.3 Production of Plasma Protein
2.4.4 Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism

2.4.5 Carbohydrate Metabolism
2.4.6 Urea Metabolism
2.4.7 Other Metabolic Functions
2.4.8 Blood Deposit
3 Radiologic Liver Anatomy
3.1 Radiography
3.2 Computed Tomography
3.3 Ultrasound
3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
References
Part II: Imaging and Interventional Modalities
Ultrasound of the Liver
1 Introduction
1.1 About Ultrasound Wave Production and Propagation
1.2 Artifacts Associated with Ultrasound
1.3 Grayscale Imaging
1.4 Doppler US
1.5 Artifacts Associated with Doppler US
1.6 Tissue Harmonic Imaging
1.7 B-Flow Imaging

2 CEUS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical Principles of CEUS
2.3 Nonlinear Imaging
2.4 Harmonic Imaging
2.5 US Contrast Agents
2.6 Tips for Reporting and Performing CEUS
2.7 Artifacts in CEUS
2.8 Safety Profile of UCA
3 Elastography
3.1 Introduction to Technical Basis of Elastography
3.2 Tips for SWE of Liver
3.3 Technical Comments on US of Liver Transplantations
References
Computed Tomography of the Liver
1 Introduction
2 Patient Preparation
2.1 Renal Adverse Reactions
3 Contrast Media Administration
4 MDCT: Technical Parameters