Echography and doppler of the brain [electronic resource] / Chiara Robba, Giuseppe Citerio, editors.

Intro
Foreword
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Videos
Part I: Technology, Views and Normal Echo Anatomy
1: Principles of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
1.3 Transcranial Colour-Coded Duplex Ultrasonography
1.4 Final Remarks
References
2: Basic Anatomy with TCCD and Vessels
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vascular Anatomy
2.2.1 The Circle of Willis
2.2.2 Vascular Anatomy Through the Temporal Window
2.2.3 Vascular Anatomy Through the Transorbital Window

2.2.4 Vascular Anatomy Through the Suboccipital Window
2.2.5 Vascular Anatomy Through the Submandibular Window
2.2.6 Sonography of Cerebral Veins and Sinus
2.3 Brain Anatomy with Ultrasonography
2.3.1 Anatomic Landmarks
2.3.2 Clinical Implications
2.3.2.1 Intracranial Hemorrhage
2.3.2.2 Epidural/Subdural Hematomas
2.3.2.3 Brain Midline Shift
2.3.2.4 Hydrocephalus
2.3.2.5 Stroke
2.4 Conclusion
References
3: Windows and the Practical Approach: The MOTOr
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Anatomy Abnormalities
3.3 Measurements and Basic Calculations

3.4 Setup
3.5 The MOTOr Approach
3.5.1 Mandibular
3.5.2 Occipital
3.5.3 Transtemporal
3.5.4 Orbital
3.5.4.1 Optic Nerve Sheath
3.6 Troubleshooting
3.7 Summary
References
4: Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Anatomical Background
4.3 Technology and Methods
4.3.1 Technology
4.3.2 Methods
4.3.3 Normal Views
4.3.4 Feasibility and Reproducibility
4.4 Limits and Safety Issues
4.4.1 Limits
4.4.2 Safety
4.5 Recent Innovation and Future Perspectives
4.6 Conclusion
References

5: Limitations and Pitfalls
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Technical Considerations
5.2.1 Acquisition of Images
5.2.2 Accuracy of Quantitative Measurements
5.2.3 Ultrasound-Related Artifacts
5.3 Anatomical Considerations
5.4 Clinical Considerations
5.4.1 Harmful Effects of Ultrasound Exposure
5.4.2 Systemic Factors Related to Patients' Cardiopulmonary State
5.4.3 Waveform Analysis in Acute Cerebrovascular Pathology
5.4.4 Cerebral Circulatory Arrest
5.5 Summary
References
6: The Minimal, Intermediate, and Advanced Skills: How to Boost Your Competencies

6.1 Introduction
6.2 TCD and TCCD
6.3 Training Strategies
6.4 Learning Through Technological Aid
6.5 Learning Through Guidelines and Practice Standards
6.6 Competence
References
Part II: Basic and Advanced Parameters
7: Flow Velocity, Pulsatility Index, Autoregulation, and Critical Closing Pressure
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Flow Velocity
7.3 Pulsatility Index
7.4 Critical Closing Pressure
7.5 Autoregulation
7.5.1 Static Autoregulation
7.5.2 Dynamic Autoregulation
7.5.3 Continuous Monitoring of Autoregulation
References