Intro
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Memory, Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
1.1 The First Meeting
1.2 Introduction
1.3 What Is Normal?
1.4 Memory
1.4.1 Long-and Short-Term Memory
1.4.2 Measures of Memory
1.4.3 How and Why We Forget?
1.4.4 How Fast Do We Forget?
1.4.5 Ageing and Memory
1.4.5.1 Amnesia
1.4.5.2 Memory and Hippocampus
1.4.6 Biological Ageing
1.5 What Is Dementia?
1.5.1 Why Should Dementia Be Identified Early?
1.5.2 Prevalence of Dementia in South Asian Countries

1.5.3 Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Dementia
1.5.3.1 Modifiable Risk Factors
1.5.4 Inside Alzheimer's Brain [13]
1.6 Preventing Alzheimer's by Active Ageing
1.6.1 WHO Dementia Risk Reduction Guideline
References
Chapter 2: Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
2.1 Presentation and Progression of AD
2.2 Role of Frontline/Non-specialist Physicians
2.2.1 Presentation of Alzheimer's Disease
2.2.2 Presenting Symptoms of AD
2.2.2.1 Clinical Presentation
2.2.3 Five A's of Alzheimer's
2.2.3.1 Amnesia
2.2.3.2 Aphasia
2.2.3.3 Apraxia
2.2.3.4 Agnosia

2.2.3.5 Abnormal Executive Function
2.3 Natural History/Progression of AD
2.3.1 Early Stage of Dementia
2.3.2 Middle Stage of Dementia
2.3.3 Late Stage of Dementia
References
Chapter 3: Dementia Assessment
3.1 Assessment: The OBAMA Index
3.2 Steps of Clinical Assessment
3.2.1 Step 1: History Taking
3.2.2 Step 2: Physical Examination
3.2.3 Step 3: Mental State Examination
3.2.4 Step 4: Assess for Signs of Dementia
3.2.5 Step 5: Differential Diagnosis-Delirium and Depression
3.2.6 Basic Laboratory Tests
3.2.6.1 Current Medication
3.2.7 Genetic Testing

3.3 Cognitive Screening Instruments
3.3.1 Mini-Cog
3.3.2 RUDAS
3.3.3 Functional Assessment: FAQ
3.3.4 Functional Activities Questionnaire [10]
3.3.4.1 Administration
3.3.5 ECG
3.3.6 Neuroimaging (CT and MRI Scans)
3.3.7 Functional and Molecular Imaging
3.4 Assessment Summary
References
Chapter 4: RUDAS Cognitive Scale
4.1 RUDAS: Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (Appendix A)
4.1.1 Administration and Interpretation of RUDAS
4.1.1.1 Item 1: Memory
4.1.1.2 Item 2: Body Orientation (Maximum Score 5)

4.1.1.3 Item 3: Praxis (Test for Visuospatial Difficulties, Apraxia and Agnosia)
4.1.1.4 Item 4: Drawing (Test for Constructional Dyspraxia)
4.1.1.5 Item 5: Judgement (Test for Agnosia)
4.1.1.6 Item 1b: Memory (Recall-Max 8 Points)
4.1.1.7 Item 6: Language (Animal Naming-Test for Verbal Fluency-Max 8 Points)
Total Score
4.2 Screening for Depression
4.2.1 Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
References
Chapter 5: Diagnosis
5.1 Diagnosis of Dementia
5.1.1 DSM-5 Criteria for Dementia Due to AD
5.1.2 Probable AD Dementia: Core Clinical Criteria