Intro
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
1: History of Ultrasound
History of Doppler Ultrasound
History of Ultrasound in Urology
Prostate
Kidney and Renal Hilum
Scrotum
Emerging Techniques
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
Elastography
Histioscanning or Computer-Analyzed Ultrasound
Harmonics
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography
Multiparametric Ultrasound
Ultrasound in Therapeutics
Conclusion
References
2: Physical Principles of Ultrasound
Introduction
The Mechanics of Ultrasound Waves
Ultrasound Image Generation

Interaction of Ultrasound with Biological Tissue
Artifacts
Modes of Ultrasound
Gray-Scale, B-Mode Ultrasound
Doppler Ultrasound
Artifacts Associated with Doppler Ultrasound
Harmonic Scanning
Contrast Agents in Ultrasound
References
3: Bioeffects and Safety
Introduction
Bioeffects of Ultrasound
Thermal Effects
Mechanical Effects
Patient Safety
Mechanical Index
Thermal Index
ALARA
Scanning Environment
Patient Identification and Documentation
Equipment Maintenance
Cleaning and Disinfection of Ultrasound Equipment
References

4: Maximizing Image Quality: User-Dependent Variables
Introduction
Tuning the Instrument
Transducer Selection
Scanning Environment
Monitor Display
Scanning Technique
User-Controlled Variables
Dynamic Range (Contrast)
Conclusion
Summary
References
5: Renal Ultrasound
Introduction
Point-of-Service Ultrasound
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Anatomic Considerations for Renal Imaging
Imaging the Right Kidney
Technique
Imaging the Left Kidney
Technique
Normal Findings
Adjacent Structures
Ultrasound Report

Indications
Equipment
Findings
Impression
Image Documentation
Doppler
Resistive Index
Artifacts
Renal Findings
Extrarenal Pelvis
Normal Parenchymal Variants
Ultrasound Diagnosis of Renal Pathology
Renal Cysts
Parapelvic Cysts
Hydronephrosis
Urolithiasis
Renal Masses
Angiomyolipomas
Renal Scars
Medical Renal Disease
Applications of Intraoperative Renal Ultrasound
Conclusion
References
6: Scrotal Ultrasound
Introduction
Scanning Technique and Protocol
Transducer Selection
Overview of the Exam

Color and Spectral Doppler
Documentation
Indications
Normal Anatomy of the Testis and Paratesticular Structures
Scrotum
Testis
Epidymis
Vascular Anatomy
Embryology Relevant to Ultrasound Imaging of the Scrotum
Early Gonadal Developmental Anatomy
Testicular Descent
Development of the Scrotum
Pathologic Conditions and the Scrotal Ultrasound
Extratesticular Findings
Hydrocele
Pyocele
Scrotal Hernia
Sperm Granuloma
Tumors of the Spermatic Cord
Epididymal Findings
Epididymo-Orchitis
Torsion of the Appendix Epididymis and Testis