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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chemically Synthesized TLR4 Ligands, Their Immunological Functions, and Potential as Vaccine Adjuvant
1 Introduction
2 Lipid A, a Stimulant of Innate Immunity
3 Vaccines Containing Natural LPS and Lipid A as Adjuvants
3.1 Cholera Vaccines
3.2 Salmonella Vaccines
3.3 Other Vaccines
4 LPS and Lipid A Derived from the Environment and from Fermented Foods as Adjuvant Candidates
5 Synthetic and Semi-synthetic Lipid As as Adjuvants
6 Developing Lipid A Adjuvant Candidates
7 Lipid A Based Self-adjuvant Vaccines
8 Conclusions
References
Intracellular TLR4 Signaling
1 Introduction
2 TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB Pathway
3 TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 Branch
4 Regulation of the TLR4 Intracellular Signaling
5 Perspectives
References
TLR4 Ligands: Single Molecules and Aggregates
1 Basis of LPS Pathophysiology
2 Physico-Chemistry of the TLR4 Ligand LPS
3 Role of Aggregates in Biological Activity
4 From Aggregates to TLR4 Receptor Interaction
5 Non-LPS Ligands of TLR4: Aggregate States and Biological Activity
6 LPS Aggregates in the Activation of Non-TLR4 Receptors
7 Conclusions
3.2.1 CD14 Controls Inflammatory Responses Against External Cues Other than LPS
3.2.2 CD14 Mediates the Responses to Endogenous Lipidic Stress Signals
3.2.3 CD14 Mediates the Responses to Endogenous Protein Stress Signals
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Interactions with Neisseria
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of TLR4 Interaction with Neisseria LOS
3 TLR4 in Neisseria meningitidis Infection
3.1 Influence of TLR4 Functional Polymorphisms on SMD
3.2 TLR4-LOS Inhibition Therapies
4 TLR4 in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
5 Exploiting TLR4 in Neisseria Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses
6 Conclusions
References
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Activation by Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
1 Introduction
2 Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
3 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs)
4 Gp96
5 HMGB1
6 S100 Calcium Binding Proteins (Family of Calcium-Binding Cytosolic Proteins)
7 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
8 Biglycans
9 Tenascin-C
10 Conclusion
References
TLR4 in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases
1 Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases
2 TLR4 in AD
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chemically Synthesized TLR4 Ligands, Their Immunological Functions, and Potential as Vaccine Adjuvant
1 Introduction
2 Lipid A, a Stimulant of Innate Immunity
3 Vaccines Containing Natural LPS and Lipid A as Adjuvants
3.1 Cholera Vaccines
3.2 Salmonella Vaccines
3.3 Other Vaccines
4 LPS and Lipid A Derived from the Environment and from Fermented Foods as Adjuvant Candidates
5 Synthetic and Semi-synthetic Lipid As as Adjuvants
6 Developing Lipid A Adjuvant Candidates
7 Lipid A Based Self-adjuvant Vaccines
8 Conclusions
References
Intracellular TLR4 Signaling
1 Introduction
2 TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB Pathway
3 TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 Branch
4 Regulation of the TLR4 Intracellular Signaling
5 Perspectives
References
TLR4 Ligands: Single Molecules and Aggregates
1 Basis of LPS Pathophysiology
2 Physico-Chemistry of the TLR4 Ligand LPS
3 Role of Aggregates in Biological Activity
4 From Aggregates to TLR4 Receptor Interaction
5 Non-LPS Ligands of TLR4: Aggregate States and Biological Activity
6 LPS Aggregates in the Activation of Non-TLR4 Receptors
7 Conclusions
3.2.1 CD14 Controls Inflammatory Responses Against External Cues Other than LPS
3.2.2 CD14 Mediates the Responses to Endogenous Lipidic Stress Signals
3.2.3 CD14 Mediates the Responses to Endogenous Protein Stress Signals
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Interactions with Neisseria
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of TLR4 Interaction with Neisseria LOS
3 TLR4 in Neisseria meningitidis Infection
3.1 Influence of TLR4 Functional Polymorphisms on SMD
3.2 TLR4-LOS Inhibition Therapies
4 TLR4 in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
5 Exploiting TLR4 in Neisseria Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses
6 Conclusions
References
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Activation by Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
1 Introduction
2 Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
3 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs)
4 Gp96
5 HMGB1
6 S100 Calcium Binding Proteins (Family of Calcium-Binding Cytosolic Proteins)
7 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
8 Biglycans
9 Tenascin-C
10 Conclusion
References
TLR4 in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases
1 Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases
2 TLR4 in AD