Intro
Preface
Contents
1 Optimised Vascular Network for Skin Tissue Engineering by Additive Manufacturing
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Design of Vascular Network
1.2.1 Macro-Scale Design
1.2.2 Micro-Scale Design
1.2.2.1 Branch Angle and Vessel Diameters
1.2.2.2 WSS and Recirculation Areas
1.2.2.3 Daughter Vessel Asymmetry Ratio
1.3 The Application: Optimised Vascular Network Design for Skin Tissue Engineering
1.3.1 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Biomanufacturing
1.3.2 Materials and Methods
1.3.3 In Vitro Testing
1.4 Results and Discussion

1.4.1 Cytotoxicity Testing for Photoinitiators
1.4.2 The Printed Vascular Network
1.4.3 In Vitro Testing
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Virtual Bone Surgery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 State of the Art in Bone Surgery Simulation
2.2.1 Current State of Surgical Simulation
2.2.2 Key Technologies
2.3 Medical Image Processing and Segmentation
2.3.1 Imaging Procedures
2.3.2 Image Processing
2.4 Geometric Modeling and Data Manipulation
2.4.1 Volume Modeling
2.4.2 Data Manipulation
2.5 Graphic Rendering
2.5.1 Surface Rendering
2.5.2 Volume Rendering

2.6 Haptic Rendering
2.6.1 Force Modeling
2.6.2 Collision Detection and Force Generation
2.7 Auditory Rendering
2.7.1 Sound Modeling
2.7.2 Sound Rendering
2.8 Conclusion
References
3 Three-Dimensional Medical Imaging: Conceptsand Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Acquisition
3.2.1 Computer Tomography (CT)
3.2.2 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
3.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
3.2.4 Ultrasonography (US)
3.2.5 Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)
3.3 Preprocessing
3.3.1 Noise Filtering
3.3.2 Edge Detection

3.3.3 Contrast Enhancement
3.4 Segmentation
3.4.1 Thresholding
3.4.2 Region Growing
3.4.3 Watershed
3.5 Representation
3.5.1 Quadtree
3.5.2 Pyramid (Multiscale Imaging)
3.6 Volume Rendering
3.6.1 Isosurface Rendering
3.6.2 Direct Volume Rendering
3.7 3D Printing and Biofabrication
3.8 Conclusions
References
4 Computer Aided Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Requirements of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
4.1.2 Application of RP in TE Scaffold Fabrication
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Concept Verification
4.2.2 Validation of CASTS

4.2.3 Duraform™ Polyamide Scaffolds
4.2.4 Biomaterial Scaffolds
4.2.4.1 Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) and Hydroxyapatite (HA)
4.2.4.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Pure PEEK Scaffolds
4.3.2 PEEK-HA Composite Scaffolds
4.3.3 Polycaprolactone (PCL) Scaffolds
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Additive Biomanufacturing Processes to Fabricate Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Conventional Fabrication Techniques
5.3 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Tissue Engineering
5.3.1 Photo-Fabrication Process