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Table of Contents
Intro
Contents
1: DW MRI: Techniques, Protocols and Post-processing Aspects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Formal Definition of Diffusion
1.3 Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.3.1 The Stejskal-Tanner Sequence, Image Contrasts, and Basic Image Processing
1.4 Pulse Sequences Considerations
1.5 Diffusion Modelling in Abdominal Organs
1.6 Factors Influencing the ADC Value
1.7 Factors Influencing the SNR and Artefacts in DWI
1.8 Conclusions
References
2: Benign Liver Lesions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lesions Showing Marked Hyperintensity on High b-Value Images
2.2.1 Hemangioma
2.2.2 Angiomyolipoma
2.2.3 Solitary Fibrous Tumor
2.2.4 Heterotopic Tissue
2.3 Lesions Showing Moderate Signal Intensity on High b-Value Images
2.3.1 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH)
2.3.2 Hepatocellular Adenomas
2.3.3 Regenerative Process-Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia
2.3.4 Inflammatory Pseudotumor
2.3.5 Biliary Cystadenomas
2.3.6 Focal Fibrosis
2.4 Lesions Not Visible on High b-Value Images
2.4.1 Hepatic Cysts
2.4.2 Biliary Hamartoma
2.4.3 Pseudotumors
2.4.3.1 Focal Steatosis or Focal Fatty Sparing
2.4.3.2 Arterio-Portal Shunts
2.5 Pragmatic Diagnostic Approach: Specific Contexts
2.5.1 Chronic Liver Disease
2.5.1.1 Ancillary Feature for the Differentiation Between Dysplastic Nodule and Early HCC
2.5.1.2 Diagnosis of Cysts and Peribiliary Cysts
2.5.1.3 Differentiating Hemangiomas from HCC
2.5.1.4 Increase the Level of Confidence for the Diagnosis of Intrahepatic Shunts and Transient Perfusion Disorders
2.5.2 Oncologic Patients
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Malignant Liver Lesions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reading DWI: Qualitative Reading
3.3 Reading DWI: Quantitative Reading of ADC
3.3.1 Lesion Characterization with DWI-A Shift from Classical Qualitative Assessment?
3.4 Application of DWI to Hepatocellular Carcinoma
3.4.1 Assessment of Tumor Response to Treatment (HCC)
3.5 Application of DWI to Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
3.6 Application of DWI in Liver Metastasis
3.7 Future Directions
3.8 Conclusions
References
4: Diffuse Liver Diseases
4.1 Introduction-Virtual Biopsy of Diffuse Liver Diseases with DWI
4.1.1 Hallmarks of Chronic Liver Diseases
4.1.2 MR Imaging to Provide Virtual Liver Biopsy
4.2 Imaging Recommandations for DWI of Diffuse Liver Diseases
4.2.1 Guidelines for DWI Acquisition
4.2.2 Guidelines for DWI Data Processing
4.2.3 Reference Examination
4.2.4 Reproducibility
4.3 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for the Diagnosis and Staging of Diffuse Liver Diseases-Rationale and Results
4.3.1 Diagnosis and Staging of Fibrosis
4.3.2 Assessment of Steatosis
4.3.3 Assessment of Inflammation and Hepatocyte Degeneration
4.3.4 Effect of Iron Overload
Contents
1: DW MRI: Techniques, Protocols and Post-processing Aspects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Formal Definition of Diffusion
1.3 Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.3.1 The Stejskal-Tanner Sequence, Image Contrasts, and Basic Image Processing
1.4 Pulse Sequences Considerations
1.5 Diffusion Modelling in Abdominal Organs
1.6 Factors Influencing the ADC Value
1.7 Factors Influencing the SNR and Artefacts in DWI
1.8 Conclusions
References
2: Benign Liver Lesions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lesions Showing Marked Hyperintensity on High b-Value Images
2.2.1 Hemangioma
2.2.2 Angiomyolipoma
2.2.3 Solitary Fibrous Tumor
2.2.4 Heterotopic Tissue
2.3 Lesions Showing Moderate Signal Intensity on High b-Value Images
2.3.1 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH)
2.3.2 Hepatocellular Adenomas
2.3.3 Regenerative Process-Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia
2.3.4 Inflammatory Pseudotumor
2.3.5 Biliary Cystadenomas
2.3.6 Focal Fibrosis
2.4 Lesions Not Visible on High b-Value Images
2.4.1 Hepatic Cysts
2.4.2 Biliary Hamartoma
2.4.3 Pseudotumors
2.4.3.1 Focal Steatosis or Focal Fatty Sparing
2.4.3.2 Arterio-Portal Shunts
2.5 Pragmatic Diagnostic Approach: Specific Contexts
2.5.1 Chronic Liver Disease
2.5.1.1 Ancillary Feature for the Differentiation Between Dysplastic Nodule and Early HCC
2.5.1.2 Diagnosis of Cysts and Peribiliary Cysts
2.5.1.3 Differentiating Hemangiomas from HCC
2.5.1.4 Increase the Level of Confidence for the Diagnosis of Intrahepatic Shunts and Transient Perfusion Disorders
2.5.2 Oncologic Patients
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Malignant Liver Lesions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reading DWI: Qualitative Reading
3.3 Reading DWI: Quantitative Reading of ADC
3.3.1 Lesion Characterization with DWI-A Shift from Classical Qualitative Assessment?
3.4 Application of DWI to Hepatocellular Carcinoma
3.4.1 Assessment of Tumor Response to Treatment (HCC)
3.5 Application of DWI to Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
3.6 Application of DWI in Liver Metastasis
3.7 Future Directions
3.8 Conclusions
References
4: Diffuse Liver Diseases
4.1 Introduction-Virtual Biopsy of Diffuse Liver Diseases with DWI
4.1.1 Hallmarks of Chronic Liver Diseases
4.1.2 MR Imaging to Provide Virtual Liver Biopsy
4.2 Imaging Recommandations for DWI of Diffuse Liver Diseases
4.2.1 Guidelines for DWI Acquisition
4.2.2 Guidelines for DWI Data Processing
4.2.3 Reference Examination
4.2.4 Reproducibility
4.3 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging for the Diagnosis and Staging of Diffuse Liver Diseases-Rationale and Results
4.3.1 Diagnosis and Staging of Fibrosis
4.3.2 Assessment of Steatosis
4.3.3 Assessment of Inflammation and Hepatocyte Degeneration
4.3.4 Effect of Iron Overload