Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Ultrasound in Pregnancy
From Ultrasound Physics to Morphological and Functional Measurements of the Fetus
1.1 Ultrasound Physics
1.1.1 Ultrasound Generation
1.1.2 Ultrasound Propagation
1.1.3 Ultrasound Echo
1.2 Ultrasound Imaging Technology
1.2.1 Ultrasound Beam Profile
1.2.2 Array Beam Forming
1.2.3 Ultrasound System
1.3 Ultrasound Doppler Technology
1.3.1 Doppler Principle
1.3.2 Receiver Architecture
1.3.3 Continuous and Pulsed Doppler
1.3.4 Velocity Estimators
1.3.5 Color and Power Doppler

1.4 Ultrasound in Pregnancy
1.4.1 First Trimester Scans
1.4.2 Second Trimester Scans
1.4.2.1 Fetal Biometry
1.4.2.2 Morphological Evaluation of the Fetal Heart
1.4.2.3 Functional Evaluation of the Fetal Heart
1.4.2.4 Liquor Volume
1.4.3 Third Trimester and Labor
1.4.3.1 Cardiotocography (CTG)
1.4.3.2 Umbilical Cord Doppler
1.4.3.3 Fetal Orientation
1.4.3.4 Cervical Length
References
Chapter 2: CRS4 Telemed: Open and Low-Cost Technologies for Real-Time Telesonography
2.1 Introduction
2.2 CRS4 Real-Time Telemedicine System
2.2.1 Evolution

2.2.2 Video Acquisition and Streaming
2.2.3 Architecture
2.2.3.1 Ultrasound Station
2.2.3.2 Specialist Station
2.2.3.3 Server
2.2.3.4 Workflow
2.2.3.5 Augmented Reality
2.3 Evaluating the System: Clinical and Economical Perspectives
2.3.1 Paediatric Cardiology
2.3.2 Point-of-Care Ultrasonography
2.3.3 Preliminary Cost-Benefit Analysis
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Innovative Technologies for Intrauterine Monitoring of Predictive Markers of Vascular and Neurological Well-Being
3.1 Developmental Origins Hypothesis

3.2 Impact of CVD
3.3 Endotelial Dysfunction
3.4 Vascular Function Evaluation
3.5 Cardiac Function
3.6 Clinical Applications of Deformation Imaging in Pathological Pregnancies
3.6.1 Maternal Cardiac Study in Preeclampsia
3.6.2 Maternal Cardiac Study in Intrauterine Growth Restriction Disease
3.6.3 Fetal Cardiac Study in Intrauterine Growth Restriction Disease
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Cardiotocography for Fetal Monitoring: Technical and Methodological Aspects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Computerized Cardiotocography
4.3 FHR Morphological Analysis

4.3.1 Baseline FHR and Baseline Measurements
4.3.2 Accelerations and Decelerations
4.4 Analysis of FHR Variability
4.4.1 Classical Time Domain Variability Indices
4.5 The Need for a Novel Approach
4.5.1 FHR Features in Frequency Domain
4.5.2 Nonlinear Domain Parameters
4.5.3 Phase-Rectified Signal Averaging
4.6 Application of Linear and NonLinear Analysis: Example of IUGR Detection
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiography: Models, Technologies, and Algorithms
5.1 Introduction