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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
Nomenclature
Chapter 1: Laser Cladding
Additive Manufacturing
1.1 Introduction to Additive Manufacturing with Laser Cladding
1.2 Laser Cladding Setup for Additive Manufacturing
1.3 Process Parameters of Laser Cladding
1.4 Power-Based Laser Cladding with its Limitations and Possibilities
1.5 Creation of Multi-Material Components
1.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 2: Additive Manufacturing by Laser Cladding: State of the Art
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials for Laser Cladding
2.3 Clad Geometry
2.4 Textures and Microstructure Evolution
2.5 Laser Cladding Monitoring and Control
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Laser Cladding of Metals by Additive Manufacturing: Moving Toward 3D Printing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Additive Manufacturing of Metals: Processes and Materials
3.2.1 Description of AM Processes
3.2.2 Common Alloys Currently Used for Additive Manufacturing of Metals
3.2.3 Common Potential Defects Forming during AM of Metals
3.3 Predictive Tools for Optimization of Metal AM Processes
3.3.1 Physics-Based Modeling
3.3.2 In Situ Monitoring and Control
3.4 Further Aspects of AM for Metals: Industrial Market and Current Challenges
3.4.1 Industrial Market: History and Outlook
3.4.2 Current Challenges
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: CET Model to Predict the Microstructure of Laser Cladding Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 State of the Art
4.3 Modeling of Laser Cladding Process
4.3.1 Attenuation of Laser Beam on Subtract by Effect of the Powder Shadow
4.3.2 Energy and Mass Balance on the Substrate Surface by Interaction of Powder and Laser Beam
4.3.3 Energy Quantification for Powder Temperature by Use of Negative Enthalpy
4.3.4 Modeling of Phase Change for Inconel 718 and Temperature-Dependent Thermal Properties
4.3.5 Determination of Powder Temperature as Function of Laser Beam Power and Thermal Properties of Material
4.3.6 Effect of Change in Values of the Main Variables for Powder Attenuation over the Available Laser Beam Power for Substrate
4.3.7 Application of Energy Balance by Means of a General Type Heat Source on the Substrate to Obtain the Temperature Field
4.3.8 Determination of Melt Pool Temperatures as a Function of Attenuated Laser Beam and Thermal Properties of Material
4.3.9 Calculation of Temperature Gradient (GL) for Liquid Isotherm and the Grow Rate (V) in the Melt Pool
4.3.10 Metallurgy of Laser Cladding Process
4.4 Crystallization Model
4.4.1 Relationship Between a Solidification Map and Gäumann's Crystallization Model
4.4.2 Objectives of the Crystallization Model
4.4.3 Model of Crystallization Based on Gäumann's Model as a Probability Distribution
Preface
Contents
Nomenclature
Chapter 1: Laser Cladding
Additive Manufacturing
1.1 Introduction to Additive Manufacturing with Laser Cladding
1.2 Laser Cladding Setup for Additive Manufacturing
1.3 Process Parameters of Laser Cladding
1.4 Power-Based Laser Cladding with its Limitations and Possibilities
1.5 Creation of Multi-Material Components
1.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 2: Additive Manufacturing by Laser Cladding: State of the Art
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials for Laser Cladding
2.3 Clad Geometry
2.4 Textures and Microstructure Evolution
2.5 Laser Cladding Monitoring and Control
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Laser Cladding of Metals by Additive Manufacturing: Moving Toward 3D Printing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Additive Manufacturing of Metals: Processes and Materials
3.2.1 Description of AM Processes
3.2.2 Common Alloys Currently Used for Additive Manufacturing of Metals
3.2.3 Common Potential Defects Forming during AM of Metals
3.3 Predictive Tools for Optimization of Metal AM Processes
3.3.1 Physics-Based Modeling
3.3.2 In Situ Monitoring and Control
3.4 Further Aspects of AM for Metals: Industrial Market and Current Challenges
3.4.1 Industrial Market: History and Outlook
3.4.2 Current Challenges
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: CET Model to Predict the Microstructure of Laser Cladding Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 State of the Art
4.3 Modeling of Laser Cladding Process
4.3.1 Attenuation of Laser Beam on Subtract by Effect of the Powder Shadow
4.3.2 Energy and Mass Balance on the Substrate Surface by Interaction of Powder and Laser Beam
4.3.3 Energy Quantification for Powder Temperature by Use of Negative Enthalpy
4.3.4 Modeling of Phase Change for Inconel 718 and Temperature-Dependent Thermal Properties
4.3.5 Determination of Powder Temperature as Function of Laser Beam Power and Thermal Properties of Material
4.3.6 Effect of Change in Values of the Main Variables for Powder Attenuation over the Available Laser Beam Power for Substrate
4.3.7 Application of Energy Balance by Means of a General Type Heat Source on the Substrate to Obtain the Temperature Field
4.3.8 Determination of Melt Pool Temperatures as a Function of Attenuated Laser Beam and Thermal Properties of Material
4.3.9 Calculation of Temperature Gradient (GL) for Liquid Isotherm and the Grow Rate (V) in the Melt Pool
4.3.10 Metallurgy of Laser Cladding Process
4.4 Crystallization Model
4.4.1 Relationship Between a Solidification Map and Gäumann's Crystallization Model
4.4.2 Objectives of the Crystallization Model
4.4.3 Model of Crystallization Based on Gäumann's Model as a Probability Distribution