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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Meteorology as a Natural Science
2.1 Definition of the Atmosphere
2.2 Methods of Research of the Atmosphere
2.2.1 Experimental Method of Research
2.3 Relationship Between Meteorology and Other Sciences
2.4 Classification of Meteorology
2.4.1 Classification Based on the Studied Area
2.4.2 Classification According to the Scale of Processes
2.5 The Modern Term of Meteorology
References
Chapter 3: Historical Background
3.1 Aristotle's Meteorologica
3.2 Early Research Period
3.3 Modern Research Period
References
Chapter 4: Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
4.1 Earth Spheres
4.2 Basic Characteristics of the Atmosphere
4.3 Origin of the Atmosphere
4.4 Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere
4.5 Significant Atmospheric Gases
4.5.1 General Facts About the Atmosphere
4.6 Atmospheric Structure
4.6.1 Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere
4.7 Magneto-electronic Structure
References
Chapter 5: Energy and Radiation
5.1 Basic Features
5.2 Radiation Laws
5.3 Electromagnetic Radiation
5.4 Solar Radiation
5.4.1 Solar Constant
5.4.2 Direct Solar Radiation
5.4.3 Diffused Solar Radiation (D)
5.4.4 Solar Radiation Factors
5.4.5 Temporal and Spatial Changes in Insolation
5.5 Optical Radiation
5.5.1 UV Index
5.5.2 UV Index Factors
5.6 Ozone Layer
5.7 Earth Longwave Radiation
5.7.1 Earth's Annual and Global Mean Energy Budget
5.7.2 Earth's Heat Balance
5.7.3 Earth Radiation Budget and the Planetary Temperature
5.7.4 The Simple Greenhouse Model
References
Chapter 6: Atmospheric Thermodynamics
6.1 Definition
6.1.1 Thermodynamic System
6.2 An Ideal Gas Law
6.2.1 The Equation of State of Dry Air
6.2.2 The Equation of State of Moist Air
6.3 First Principle of Thermodynamics
6.3.1 The First Principle of Thermodynamics for an Ideal Gas
6.3.2 Enthalpy
6.3.3 Poisson Equations
6.3.4 Potential Temperature
6.3.5 Implementation of the First Principle of Thermodynamics
6.4 The Second Principle of Thermodynamics
6.4.1 Definition of Entropy
6.4.2 Summary on Reversible and Irreversible Processes
References
Chapter 7: Air Temperature
7.1 Air Temperature Definition
7.2 Heat and Temperature
7.2.1 Heat Transfer
7.3 Temperature Factors
7.3.1 Heat Advection
7.4 Temperature Changes
7.4.1 Daily Insolation and Pure Radiation
7.4.2 Daily Air Temperature Distribution
7.4.3 Vertical Temperature Change
7.4.4 Adiabatic Changes of Temperature
7.4.5 Temperature Inversion
7.4.6 Global Distributions of Temperature
7.4.7 Surface Temperatures
7.4.8 Urban Heat Island
7.5 Temperature Scales
7.6 Isotherms
7.7 Latitudinal Heat Balance
References
Chapter 8: Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Meteorology as a Natural Science
2.1 Definition of the Atmosphere
2.2 Methods of Research of the Atmosphere
2.2.1 Experimental Method of Research
2.3 Relationship Between Meteorology and Other Sciences
2.4 Classification of Meteorology
2.4.1 Classification Based on the Studied Area
2.4.2 Classification According to the Scale of Processes
2.5 The Modern Term of Meteorology
References
Chapter 3: Historical Background
3.1 Aristotle's Meteorologica
3.2 Early Research Period
3.3 Modern Research Period
References
Chapter 4: Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
4.1 Earth Spheres
4.2 Basic Characteristics of the Atmosphere
4.3 Origin of the Atmosphere
4.4 Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere
4.5 Significant Atmospheric Gases
4.5.1 General Facts About the Atmosphere
4.6 Atmospheric Structure
4.6.1 Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere
4.7 Magneto-electronic Structure
References
Chapter 5: Energy and Radiation
5.1 Basic Features
5.2 Radiation Laws
5.3 Electromagnetic Radiation
5.4 Solar Radiation
5.4.1 Solar Constant
5.4.2 Direct Solar Radiation
5.4.3 Diffused Solar Radiation (D)
5.4.4 Solar Radiation Factors
5.4.5 Temporal and Spatial Changes in Insolation
5.5 Optical Radiation
5.5.1 UV Index
5.5.2 UV Index Factors
5.6 Ozone Layer
5.7 Earth Longwave Radiation
5.7.1 Earth's Annual and Global Mean Energy Budget
5.7.2 Earth's Heat Balance
5.7.3 Earth Radiation Budget and the Planetary Temperature
5.7.4 The Simple Greenhouse Model
References
Chapter 6: Atmospheric Thermodynamics
6.1 Definition
6.1.1 Thermodynamic System
6.2 An Ideal Gas Law
6.2.1 The Equation of State of Dry Air
6.2.2 The Equation of State of Moist Air
6.3 First Principle of Thermodynamics
6.3.1 The First Principle of Thermodynamics for an Ideal Gas
6.3.2 Enthalpy
6.3.3 Poisson Equations
6.3.4 Potential Temperature
6.3.5 Implementation of the First Principle of Thermodynamics
6.4 The Second Principle of Thermodynamics
6.4.1 Definition of Entropy
6.4.2 Summary on Reversible and Irreversible Processes
References
Chapter 7: Air Temperature
7.1 Air Temperature Definition
7.2 Heat and Temperature
7.2.1 Heat Transfer
7.3 Temperature Factors
7.3.1 Heat Advection
7.4 Temperature Changes
7.4.1 Daily Insolation and Pure Radiation
7.4.2 Daily Air Temperature Distribution
7.4.3 Vertical Temperature Change
7.4.4 Adiabatic Changes of Temperature
7.4.5 Temperature Inversion
7.4.6 Global Distributions of Temperature
7.4.7 Surface Temperatures
7.4.8 Urban Heat Island
7.5 Temperature Scales
7.6 Isotherms
7.7 Latitudinal Heat Balance
References
Chapter 8: Atmospheric Pressure and Wind