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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Morphology of Buildings and Cities in Hot and Humid Regions
1 Introduction
2 Buildings and Houses
2.1 Old Situation
2.2 Present Situation
2.3 Future Situation
3 Urban Centers and Cities
3.1 Old Situation
3.2 Present Situation
3.3 Future Situation
4 Conclusions
References
Assessment of the Effects of Urban Heat Island on Buildings
1 Introduction
2 Field Measurements of UHI Effects on Buildings
2.1 Building Selection and Site Visits
2.2 Summary of Building Information and Selection Results
2.3 Field Monitoring Devices
3 Regional Scale UHI Simulations
3.1 WRF Simulation Methodology
3.2 Regional UHI Impacts on Buildings
4 Urban Scale and Microclimate UHI Simulations
4.1 Urban Scale Simulation Methodology
4.2 Urban UHI Microclimate Impacts on Buildings
5 A Web-Based Multi-scale Simulation Portal
6 Conclusions
References
Urban Heat Island Monitoring with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Data
1 Introduction
2 The Troposphere
2.1 Pressure in the Troposphere
2.2 Relative Humidity (RH) in the Troposphere
2.3 Temperature in the Troposphere
2.4 Profile of P, T and RH Versus Height
3 Effect of the Troposphere to GNSS Signals
3.1 Profile of the Refractivity Versus Altitude
3.2 Tropospheric Delay
3.3 Zenith Tropospheric Delay
3.4 Estimation of ZTD
4 Urban Heat Island Monitoring Using GNSS Data
4.1 Classification of the Type of Environment Around the Station
4.2 Algorithm to Calculate Temperature from GNSS Data
4.3 Calculation of the UHI Intensity (UHII) from GNSS Data
References
An Estimation of Air-Conditioning Energy-Saving Effects Through Urban Thermal Mitigation
1 Introduction
2 Evaluation Method for the UHI Effect on Energy Consumption
2.1 Evaluation Method
2.2 Generating the Estimation Equations
2.3 Numerical Simulations of the UHI Effect
2.4 Calculating Energy Consumption
2.5 Comparison of Annual Energy Consumption
3 Land Surface Vegetation Analysis Using Satellite Remote Sensing
3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) on Urban Surfaces
3.2 Seasonal NDVI Variation Pattern on the Urban Land Surface
3.3 FVC Method Based on the NDVI
3.4 FVC Estimation Result
4 UHI Simulation Incorporating Fractional Vegetation Cover Data
4.1 Urban Climate Simulations in Existing Research
4.2 Method for Incorporating FVC Data into the Meteorological Model
4.3 Calculating and Verifying the Current Situation
4.4 UHI Mitigation Effect of Urban Vegetation
5 Evaluation of the UHI Mitigation Measure of Greening Using Deciduous Trees
5.1 Setting up a Greening Scenario
5.2 Classification of Surface Wind Systems and Seasonal Variation Patterns
5.3 UHI Mitigation Effect of Urban Greening
5.4 Evaluating the Energy-Saving Effects
6 Conclusion
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Morphology of Buildings and Cities in Hot and Humid Regions
1 Introduction
2 Buildings and Houses
2.1 Old Situation
2.2 Present Situation
2.3 Future Situation
3 Urban Centers and Cities
3.1 Old Situation
3.2 Present Situation
3.3 Future Situation
4 Conclusions
References
Assessment of the Effects of Urban Heat Island on Buildings
1 Introduction
2 Field Measurements of UHI Effects on Buildings
2.1 Building Selection and Site Visits
2.2 Summary of Building Information and Selection Results
2.3 Field Monitoring Devices
3 Regional Scale UHI Simulations
3.1 WRF Simulation Methodology
3.2 Regional UHI Impacts on Buildings
4 Urban Scale and Microclimate UHI Simulations
4.1 Urban Scale Simulation Methodology
4.2 Urban UHI Microclimate Impacts on Buildings
5 A Web-Based Multi-scale Simulation Portal
6 Conclusions
References
Urban Heat Island Monitoring with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Data
1 Introduction
2 The Troposphere
2.1 Pressure in the Troposphere
2.2 Relative Humidity (RH) in the Troposphere
2.3 Temperature in the Troposphere
2.4 Profile of P, T and RH Versus Height
3 Effect of the Troposphere to GNSS Signals
3.1 Profile of the Refractivity Versus Altitude
3.2 Tropospheric Delay
3.3 Zenith Tropospheric Delay
3.4 Estimation of ZTD
4 Urban Heat Island Monitoring Using GNSS Data
4.1 Classification of the Type of Environment Around the Station
4.2 Algorithm to Calculate Temperature from GNSS Data
4.3 Calculation of the UHI Intensity (UHII) from GNSS Data
References
An Estimation of Air-Conditioning Energy-Saving Effects Through Urban Thermal Mitigation
1 Introduction
2 Evaluation Method for the UHI Effect on Energy Consumption
2.1 Evaluation Method
2.2 Generating the Estimation Equations
2.3 Numerical Simulations of the UHI Effect
2.4 Calculating Energy Consumption
2.5 Comparison of Annual Energy Consumption
3 Land Surface Vegetation Analysis Using Satellite Remote Sensing
3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) on Urban Surfaces
3.2 Seasonal NDVI Variation Pattern on the Urban Land Surface
3.3 FVC Method Based on the NDVI
3.4 FVC Estimation Result
4 UHI Simulation Incorporating Fractional Vegetation Cover Data
4.1 Urban Climate Simulations in Existing Research
4.2 Method for Incorporating FVC Data into the Meteorological Model
4.3 Calculating and Verifying the Current Situation
4.4 UHI Mitigation Effect of Urban Vegetation
5 Evaluation of the UHI Mitigation Measure of Greening Using Deciduous Trees
5.1 Setting up a Greening Scenario
5.2 Classification of Surface Wind Systems and Seasonal Variation Patterns
5.3 UHI Mitigation Effect of Urban Greening
5.4 Evaluating the Energy-Saving Effects
6 Conclusion