Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Vascular Malformations: Historical Perspective
1.1 Simple Vascular Malformations
1.2 Low-Flow Vascular Malformations
1.3 Lymphatic Malformations
1.4 High Flow Vascular Malformations
1.5 Combined Vascular Malformations
1.6 Vascular Malformations of Major Named Vessels
1.7 Vascular Malformations Associated with Other Anomalies
1.8 Syndromes Associated with Low Flow Vascular Malformations
1.8.1 Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
1.8.2 CLOVES Syndrome
1.8.3 Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome

1.8.4 Maffucci Syndrome
1.8.5 Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly and Gorham-Stout Disease
1.9 Syndromes Associated with High Flow and Mixed Vascular Malformations
1.9.1 Parkes-Weber Syndrome
1.9.2 PTEN Hamartoma Syndrome
1.10 Unclassified Vascular Anomalies
1.11 Imaging of Vascular Anomalies
1.12 Treatment
1.13 Conclusion
References
2: Epidemiology of Vascular Malformations
2.1 Classification of Vascular Anomalies
2.2 Epidemiology of Vascular Malformations
2.3 Capillary Malformation
2.4 Venous Malformation
2.5 Lymphatic Malformation

2.6 Arteriovenous Malformation
2.7 Genetic Syndromes Associated with Vascular Malformations
2.7.1 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
2.8 Conclusion
References
3: Embryology of Vascular Malformation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Development of the Blood Vascular System
3.3 Development of the Arterial System
3.4 Anomalous Development of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
3.5 Development of the Venous System
3.6 Anamolies of the Venous System
3.7 Development of the Lymphatic System
3.8 Anomalous Development of the Lymphatic System
References

4: Classification: General Overview
4.1 Hamburg Classification [17-20] (Table 4.1)
4.2 ISSVA Classification [21-24] (Tables 4.2 and 4.3)
References
5: Approach to a Case of Vascular Malformation
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Molecular Basis of Vascular Anomalies
5.1.2 Clinical Presentation
5.1.3 An Overview of Major Vascular Anomalies
5.1.3.1 Vascular Tumors (Hemangiomas)
5.1.3.2 Congenital Vascular Malformations
5.1.3.3 Arteriovenous Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulas
5.1.3.4 Venous Malformations
5.1.3.5 Capillary Malformations

5.1.3.6 Lymphatic Malformations
5.1.4 Imaging in Vascular Malformations
5.1.4.1 Conventional Radiology
5.1.4.2 Duplex Ultrasonography
5.1.4.3 Computed Tomography and CT Angiography
5.1.4.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and MR Angiography (MRA)
5.1.4.5 Invasive Imaging
5.1.5 Conclusion
References
6: Arterial Malformations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Congenital Course and Origin Anomalies
6.2.1 Cranial Vessels
6.2.1.1 Intracranial Vessels
6.2.1.2 Extracranial Vessels
6.2.2 Aorta and its Branches
6.2.2.1 Aortic Arch Anomalies