Intro
Preface to the Series
Preface
Compendium of Plant Genomes: Quinoa
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 History of the Quinuas in South America
Abstract
1.1 Origin
1.2 Geographical Distribution
1.3 Current Production Centers
1.3.1 Colombia
1.3.2 Ecuador
1.3.3 Peru
1.3.4 Bolivia
1.3.5 Chile
1.3.6 Argentina
1.4 Main Types of Quinuas
1.5 Research Advances
1.6 Traditional Quinoa Utilization
1.6.1 Preparation of the Llipt'a O (Llujt'a)
1.6.2 Traditional Use of Leaves
References

2 Botanical Context for Domestication in South America
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Quinoa Wild Ancestors and Relationships with Related Species
2.3 Quinoa Genetic Structure
2.4 Where and When Domestication Occurred
2.4.1 Geographic Patterns of Variation in Genetic Variability
2.4.2 Archaeological Evidence
2.5 Traits Affected by Domestication
2.5.1 Seed Size and Morphology
2.5.2 Starch Forms
2.5.3 Seed Shattering
2.5.4 Plant Architecture
2.5.5 Roots
2.5.6 Climate Adaptation
2.5.7 Aesthetic Selection
2.5.8 Saponin Content

2.6 Geographical Distribution of the Domestication Syndrome. An Example in North West Argentina
2.7 Concluding Remarks and Some Topics for Research
References
3 Botanical Context for Domestication in North America
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Ecological Context of C. berlandieri
3.1.2 Molecular Studies of C. berlandieri
3.1.3 Potential Diploid Progenitor Gene Pools of the ATGC in North America
3.2 Descriptions of C. berlandieri Subspecies and Botanical Varieties
3.2.1 C. berlandieri subsp. berlandieri var. boscianum

3.2.2 C. berlandieri subsp. berlandieri var. berlandieri
3.2.3 C. berlandieri subsp. berlandieri var. macrocalycium
3.2.4 C. berlandieri subsp. berlandieri var. sinuatum
3.2.5 C. berlandieri subsp. berlandieri var. zschackei
3.2.6 C. berlandieri subsp. jonesianum
3.2.7 C. berlandieri subsp. nuttaliae
3.3 Breeding Potential of C. berlandieri
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Quinoa Cytogenetics
Abstract
4.1 Genome Constitution of Polyploid C. Quinoa and Related Species
4.2 Karyotype and Chromosome Banding
4.3 Genome Size

4.4 Repetitive Sequence Organization and Evolution
4.4.1 Tandem Repetitive Sequences
4.4.2 Disperse Repetitive Sequences
4.5 Chenopodium quinoa Is a Polysomatic Plant
References
5 A Chromosome-Scale Quinoa Reference Genome Assembly
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Quinoa Accession PI 614886
5.3 Primary Sequencing by PacBio SMRT® Sequencing Technology
5.3.1 PacBio SMRT Sequencing Technology
5.3.2 Quinoa Genomic DNA Preparation and PacBio Sequencing
5.4 Scaffolding of the Assembly with BioNano Genomics (Optical Maps)