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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Symbols
Physical Constants
1 Introduction
1.1 Timetable and Key Achievements
1.2 Nobel Prize Winners
1.3 General Information
Part I Fundamentals
2 Bonds
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Covalent Bonds
2.2.1 Electron-Pair Bond
2.2.2 sp3 Bonds
2.2.3 sp2 Bonds
2.3 Ionic Bonds
2.4 Mixed Bonds
2.5 Metallic Bonding
2.6 Van-der-Waals Bonds
2.7 Hamilton Operator of the Solid
3 Crystals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Crystal Structure
3.3 Lattice
3.3.1 2D Bravais Lattices
3.3.2 3D Bravais Lattices
3.3.3 Unit Cell
3.3.4 Point Group
3.3.5 Space Group
3.3.6 Polycrystalline Semiconductors
3.3.7 Amorphous Semiconductors
3.4 Important Crystal Structures
3.4.1 Rocksalt Structure
3.4.2 CsCl Structure
3.4.3 Diamond Structure
3.4.4 Zincblende Structure
3.4.5 Wurtzite Structure
3.4.6 Chalcopyrite Structure
3.4.7 Spinel Structure
3.4.8 Fluorite Structure
3.4.9 Delafossite Structure
3.4.10 Perovskite Structure
3.4.11 NiAs Structure
3.4.12 Further Structures
3.5 Polytypism and Polymorphism
3.6 Reciprocal Lattice
3.6.1 Reciprocal Lattice Vectors
3.6.2 Miller Indices
3.6.3 Brillouin Zone
3.7 Alloys
3.7.1 Random Alloys
3.7.2 Phase Diagram
3.7.3 Virtual Crystal Approximation
3.7.4 Lattice Parameter
3.7.5 Ordering
4 Structural Defects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Point Defects
4.2.1 Point Defect Types
4.2.2 Thermodynamics
4.2.3 Diffusion
4.2.4 Dopant Distribution
4.2.5 Large Concentration Effects
4.3 Dislocations
4.3.1 Dislocation Types
4.3.2 Visualization of Dislocations by Etching
4.3.3 Impurity Hardening
4.4 Extended Defects
4.4.1 Micro-cracks
4.4.2 Stacking Faults
4.4.3 Grain Boundaries
4.4.4 Antiphase and Inversion Domains
4.5 Disorder
5 Mechanical Properties
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lattice Vibrations
5.2.1 Monoatomic Linear Chain
5.2.2 Diatomic Linear Chain
5.2.3 Mode Patterns and Topological States
5.2.4 Lattice Vibrations of a Three-Dimensional Crystal
5.2.5 Density of States
5.2.6 Phonons
5.2.7 Localized Vibrational Modes
5.2.8 Phonons in Alloys
5.2.9 Disorder
5.2.10 Topological Edge States of a Linear Chain
5.3 Elasticity
5.3.1 Thermal Expansion
5.3.2 Stress-Strain Relation
5.3.3 Biaxial Stress
5.3.4 Three-Dimensional Stress
5.3.5 Substrate Bending
5.3.6 Scrolling
5.4 Plasticity
5.4.1 Critical Thickness
5.4.2 Cleaving
5.4.3 Wafer Breakage
6 Band Structure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrons in a Periodic Potential
6.2.1 Bloch's Theorem
6.2.2 Free-Electron Dispersion
6.2.3 Non-Vanishing Potential
6.2.4 Kramer's Degeneracy
6.2.5 Symmetry Considerations
6.2.6 Topological Considerations
6.3 Band Structures of Selected Semiconductors
6.3.1 Silicon
6.3.2 Germanium
6.3.3 GaAs
6.3.4 GaP
6.3.5 GaN
6.3.6 Lead Salts
Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Symbols
Physical Constants
1 Introduction
1.1 Timetable and Key Achievements
1.2 Nobel Prize Winners
1.3 General Information
Part I Fundamentals
2 Bonds
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Covalent Bonds
2.2.1 Electron-Pair Bond
2.2.2 sp3 Bonds
2.2.3 sp2 Bonds
2.3 Ionic Bonds
2.4 Mixed Bonds
2.5 Metallic Bonding
2.6 Van-der-Waals Bonds
2.7 Hamilton Operator of the Solid
3 Crystals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Crystal Structure
3.3 Lattice
3.3.1 2D Bravais Lattices
3.3.2 3D Bravais Lattices
3.3.3 Unit Cell
3.3.4 Point Group
3.3.5 Space Group
3.3.6 Polycrystalline Semiconductors
3.3.7 Amorphous Semiconductors
3.4 Important Crystal Structures
3.4.1 Rocksalt Structure
3.4.2 CsCl Structure
3.4.3 Diamond Structure
3.4.4 Zincblende Structure
3.4.5 Wurtzite Structure
3.4.6 Chalcopyrite Structure
3.4.7 Spinel Structure
3.4.8 Fluorite Structure
3.4.9 Delafossite Structure
3.4.10 Perovskite Structure
3.4.11 NiAs Structure
3.4.12 Further Structures
3.5 Polytypism and Polymorphism
3.6 Reciprocal Lattice
3.6.1 Reciprocal Lattice Vectors
3.6.2 Miller Indices
3.6.3 Brillouin Zone
3.7 Alloys
3.7.1 Random Alloys
3.7.2 Phase Diagram
3.7.3 Virtual Crystal Approximation
3.7.4 Lattice Parameter
3.7.5 Ordering
4 Structural Defects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Point Defects
4.2.1 Point Defect Types
4.2.2 Thermodynamics
4.2.3 Diffusion
4.2.4 Dopant Distribution
4.2.5 Large Concentration Effects
4.3 Dislocations
4.3.1 Dislocation Types
4.3.2 Visualization of Dislocations by Etching
4.3.3 Impurity Hardening
4.4 Extended Defects
4.4.1 Micro-cracks
4.4.2 Stacking Faults
4.4.3 Grain Boundaries
4.4.4 Antiphase and Inversion Domains
4.5 Disorder
5 Mechanical Properties
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lattice Vibrations
5.2.1 Monoatomic Linear Chain
5.2.2 Diatomic Linear Chain
5.2.3 Mode Patterns and Topological States
5.2.4 Lattice Vibrations of a Three-Dimensional Crystal
5.2.5 Density of States
5.2.6 Phonons
5.2.7 Localized Vibrational Modes
5.2.8 Phonons in Alloys
5.2.9 Disorder
5.2.10 Topological Edge States of a Linear Chain
5.3 Elasticity
5.3.1 Thermal Expansion
5.3.2 Stress-Strain Relation
5.3.3 Biaxial Stress
5.3.4 Three-Dimensional Stress
5.3.5 Substrate Bending
5.3.6 Scrolling
5.4 Plasticity
5.4.1 Critical Thickness
5.4.2 Cleaving
5.4.3 Wafer Breakage
6 Band Structure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrons in a Periodic Potential
6.2.1 Bloch's Theorem
6.2.2 Free-Electron Dispersion
6.2.3 Non-Vanishing Potential
6.2.4 Kramer's Degeneracy
6.2.5 Symmetry Considerations
6.2.6 Topological Considerations
6.3 Band Structures of Selected Semiconductors
6.3.1 Silicon
6.3.2 Germanium
6.3.3 GaAs
6.3.4 GaP
6.3.5 GaN
6.3.6 Lead Salts