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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Use of This Book
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
1 Perspectives on Lightwave Communications
1.1 Reasons for Fiber Optic Communications
1.1.1 The Road to Optical Networks
1.1.2 Benefits of Using Optical Fibers
1.2 Optical Wavelength Bands
1.2.1 Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum
1.2.2 Optical Windows and Spectral Bands
1.3 Decibel Notation
1.4 Digital Multiplexing Techniques
1.4.1 Basic Telecom Signal Multiplexing
1.4.2 Multiplexing Hierarchy in SONET/SDH
1.4.3 Optical Transport Network (OTN)
1.5 Multiplexing of Wavelength Channels
1.5.1 Basis of WDM
1.5.2 Polarization Division Multiplexing
1.5.3 Optical Fibers with Multiple Cores
1.6 Basic Elements of Optical Fiber Systems
1.7 Evolution of Fiber Optic Networks
1.8 Standards for Fiber Optic Communications
1.9 Summary
References
2 Optical Fiber Structures and Light Guiding Principles
2.1 The Nature of Light
2.1.1 Polarization
2.1.2 Linear Polarization
2.1.3 Elliptical Polarization and Circular Polarization
2.1.4 Quantum Aspects of Light
2.2 Basic Laws and Definitions of Optics
2.2.1 Concept of Refractive Index
2.2.2 Basis of Reflection and Refraction
2.2.3 Polarization Characteristics of Light
2.2.4 Polarization-Sensitive Devices
2.3 Optical Fiber Configurations and Modes
2.3.1 Conventional Fiber Types
2.3.2 Concepts of Rays and Modes
2.3.3 Structure of Step-Index Fibers
2.3.4 Ray Optics Representation
2.3.5 Lightwaves in a Dielectric Slab Waveguide
2.4 Modes in Circular Waveguides
2.4.1 Basic Modal Concepts
2.4.2 Cutoff Wavelength and V Number
2.4.3 Optical Power in Step-Index Fibers
2.4.4 Linearly Polarized Modes
2.5 Single-Mode Fibers
2.5.1 SMF Construction
2.5.2 Definition of Mode-Field Diameter
2.5.3 Origin of Birefringence
2.5.4 Effective Refractive Index
2.6 Graded-Index (GI) Fibers
2.6.1 Core Structure of GI Fibers
2.6.2 GI Fiber Numerical Aperture
2.6.3 Cutoff Condition in GI Fibers
2.7 Optical Fiber Materials
2.7.1 Glass Optical Fibers
2.7.2 Standard Fiber Fabrication
2.7.3 Active Glass Optical Fibers
2.7.4 Plastic Optical Fibers
2.8 Photonic Crystal Fiber Concepts
2.8.1 Index-Guiding PCF
2.8.2 Photonic Bandgap Fiber
2.9 Optical Fiber Cables
2.9.1 Fiber Optic Cable Structures
2.9.2 Designs of Indoor Optical Cables
2.9.3 Designs of Outdoor Optical Cables
2.10 Summary
Appendix: The Fresnel Equations
References
3 Optical Signal Attenuation and Dispersion
3.1 Fiber Attenuation
3.1.1 Units for Fiber Attenuation
3.1.2 Absorption of Optical Power
3.1.3 Scattering Losses in Optical Fibers
3.1.4 Fiber Bending Losses
3.1.5 Core and Cladding Propagation Losses
3.2 Optical Signal Dispersion Effects
3.2.1 Origins of Signal Dispersion
3.2.2 Modal Delay Effects
3.2.3 Factors Contributing to Dispersion
Preface
Use of This Book
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
1 Perspectives on Lightwave Communications
1.1 Reasons for Fiber Optic Communications
1.1.1 The Road to Optical Networks
1.1.2 Benefits of Using Optical Fibers
1.2 Optical Wavelength Bands
1.2.1 Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum
1.2.2 Optical Windows and Spectral Bands
1.3 Decibel Notation
1.4 Digital Multiplexing Techniques
1.4.1 Basic Telecom Signal Multiplexing
1.4.2 Multiplexing Hierarchy in SONET/SDH
1.4.3 Optical Transport Network (OTN)
1.5 Multiplexing of Wavelength Channels
1.5.1 Basis of WDM
1.5.2 Polarization Division Multiplexing
1.5.3 Optical Fibers with Multiple Cores
1.6 Basic Elements of Optical Fiber Systems
1.7 Evolution of Fiber Optic Networks
1.8 Standards for Fiber Optic Communications
1.9 Summary
References
2 Optical Fiber Structures and Light Guiding Principles
2.1 The Nature of Light
2.1.1 Polarization
2.1.2 Linear Polarization
2.1.3 Elliptical Polarization and Circular Polarization
2.1.4 Quantum Aspects of Light
2.2 Basic Laws and Definitions of Optics
2.2.1 Concept of Refractive Index
2.2.2 Basis of Reflection and Refraction
2.2.3 Polarization Characteristics of Light
2.2.4 Polarization-Sensitive Devices
2.3 Optical Fiber Configurations and Modes
2.3.1 Conventional Fiber Types
2.3.2 Concepts of Rays and Modes
2.3.3 Structure of Step-Index Fibers
2.3.4 Ray Optics Representation
2.3.5 Lightwaves in a Dielectric Slab Waveguide
2.4 Modes in Circular Waveguides
2.4.1 Basic Modal Concepts
2.4.2 Cutoff Wavelength and V Number
2.4.3 Optical Power in Step-Index Fibers
2.4.4 Linearly Polarized Modes
2.5 Single-Mode Fibers
2.5.1 SMF Construction
2.5.2 Definition of Mode-Field Diameter
2.5.3 Origin of Birefringence
2.5.4 Effective Refractive Index
2.6 Graded-Index (GI) Fibers
2.6.1 Core Structure of GI Fibers
2.6.2 GI Fiber Numerical Aperture
2.6.3 Cutoff Condition in GI Fibers
2.7 Optical Fiber Materials
2.7.1 Glass Optical Fibers
2.7.2 Standard Fiber Fabrication
2.7.3 Active Glass Optical Fibers
2.7.4 Plastic Optical Fibers
2.8 Photonic Crystal Fiber Concepts
2.8.1 Index-Guiding PCF
2.8.2 Photonic Bandgap Fiber
2.9 Optical Fiber Cables
2.9.1 Fiber Optic Cable Structures
2.9.2 Designs of Indoor Optical Cables
2.9.3 Designs of Outdoor Optical Cables
2.10 Summary
Appendix: The Fresnel Equations
References
3 Optical Signal Attenuation and Dispersion
3.1 Fiber Attenuation
3.1.1 Units for Fiber Attenuation
3.1.2 Absorption of Optical Power
3.1.3 Scattering Losses in Optical Fibers
3.1.4 Fiber Bending Losses
3.1.5 Core and Cladding Propagation Losses
3.2 Optical Signal Dispersion Effects
3.2.1 Origins of Signal Dispersion
3.2.2 Modal Delay Effects
3.2.3 Factors Contributing to Dispersion