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Table of Contents
1. Explaining the Challenge: From Persuasion to Relativisation
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Propaganda
1.3. Disinformation
1.4. Disinformation and Propaganda as a Tool to Promote Political Outcomes
1.5. What Is New in the Twenty-First Century, and Where Are My Facts?
1.6. Conclusion
2. Propaganda and Disinformation Go Online
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Information Environment
2.3. Challenges in Today's Information Environment
2.4. From Trolls to Bots
2.5. Blurring the Lines Between Politics and Business
2.6. Deepfake as a Future Tool of Online Propaganda?
2.7. Summary
3. Propaganda and Disinformation as a Security Threat
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Propaganda and Disinformation from the Point of View of Security Analysis
3.3. Contemporary 'Rogue' Propaganda and Disinformation Actors
3.4. Strategies and Tactics of Contemporary Disinformation and Propaganda
3.5. Defence and Protection Against Propaganda and Disinformation
3.6. Conclusion
4. Labelling Speech
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Disinformation in the Context of Freedom of Expression
4.3. Permissible Restrictions to Freedom of Speech Through State Action
4.4. Expressions Infringing upon the Fundamental Rights or Freedoms of Others
4.5. Disinformation Suppression Through Hosting Provider Liability
4.6. Conclusions
5. Technological Approaches to Detecting Online Disinformation and Manipulation
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Task Specification
5.3. Methods Specification
5.4. Datasets and Evaluation
5.5. Summary
6. Proportionate Forensics of Disinformation and Manipulation
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Data, Information, and Evidence
6.3. Electronic Evidence of Disinformation and Manipulation
6.4. Conclusions
7. Institutional Responses of European Countries
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Framework for Analysis: Institutional Countermeasures Against Influence Operations
7.3. Actions of the European Union and NATO
7.4. Case Studies
7.5. Conclusion
8. Civil Society Initiatives Tackling Disinformation: Experiences of Central European Countries
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Civil Society and Disinformation in Current Understanding and Literature
8.3. How to Research Civil Society Properly and Ethically?
8.4. Civil Society Actors Tackling Disinformation in Central Europe
8.5. Summary
9. Conclusion.
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Propaganda
1.3. Disinformation
1.4. Disinformation and Propaganda as a Tool to Promote Political Outcomes
1.5. What Is New in the Twenty-First Century, and Where Are My Facts?
1.6. Conclusion
2. Propaganda and Disinformation Go Online
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Information Environment
2.3. Challenges in Today's Information Environment
2.4. From Trolls to Bots
2.5. Blurring the Lines Between Politics and Business
2.6. Deepfake as a Future Tool of Online Propaganda?
2.7. Summary
3. Propaganda and Disinformation as a Security Threat
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Propaganda and Disinformation from the Point of View of Security Analysis
3.3. Contemporary 'Rogue' Propaganda and Disinformation Actors
3.4. Strategies and Tactics of Contemporary Disinformation and Propaganda
3.5. Defence and Protection Against Propaganda and Disinformation
3.6. Conclusion
4. Labelling Speech
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Disinformation in the Context of Freedom of Expression
4.3. Permissible Restrictions to Freedom of Speech Through State Action
4.4. Expressions Infringing upon the Fundamental Rights or Freedoms of Others
4.5. Disinformation Suppression Through Hosting Provider Liability
4.6. Conclusions
5. Technological Approaches to Detecting Online Disinformation and Manipulation
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Task Specification
5.3. Methods Specification
5.4. Datasets and Evaluation
5.5. Summary
6. Proportionate Forensics of Disinformation and Manipulation
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Data, Information, and Evidence
6.3. Electronic Evidence of Disinformation and Manipulation
6.4. Conclusions
7. Institutional Responses of European Countries
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Framework for Analysis: Institutional Countermeasures Against Influence Operations
7.3. Actions of the European Union and NATO
7.4. Case Studies
7.5. Conclusion
8. Civil Society Initiatives Tackling Disinformation: Experiences of Central European Countries
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Civil Society and Disinformation in Current Understanding and Literature
8.3. How to Research Civil Society Properly and Ethically?
8.4. Civil Society Actors Tackling Disinformation in Central Europe
8.5. Summary
9. Conclusion.