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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Neurocritical Care: An Overview
1.1 History and Evolution of Intensive Care Units
1.2 Neurocritical Care Specialty
1.3 ICU Organizational Structure and Staffing
1.4 Quality Improvement and Neurocritical Care
1.5 Patient/Family Satisfaction
1.6 Effective Communication and Handoffs
1.7 Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology as an Emerging Subspecialty
1.8 Conclusion
References
Part I: The Basics and Monitoring
Chapter 2: Metabolism and Cerebral Blood Flow
2.1 Cerebral Autoregulation
2.2 Blood-Brain Barrier
2.3 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Brain Edema: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
3.1 History
3.1.1 1700s: Formation of the Monro-Kellie Doctrine
3.1.2 1800s: Discovery of CSF Dynamics and the Blood-Brain Barrier
3.1.3 1900s: Basic Pathophysiology and Treatments Are Discovered
3.1.4 2000s: Molecular Mechanisms Are Investigated
3.2 Clinical Condition
3.2.1 Basic Principles
3.2.2 Peritumoral Edema
3.2.3 Perihematomal Edema
3.2.4 Cerebral Edema and Swelling
3.3 Physical Examination/Imaging
3.3.1 Ocular Findings
3.3.2 Herniation Syndromes
3.3.3 ICP Monitoring
3.3.4 Imaging
3.4 Differential Diagnosis
3.5 Treatment Options
3.5.1 Medical Optimization and Patient Positioning
3.5.2 Hyperventilation and Hyperosmolar Therapy
3.5.3 Decompressive Craniectomy
3.5.4 Experimental Therapies
3.6 Complications
References
Chapter 4: Intracranial Pressure: Invasive Methods of Monitoring
4.1 Historical Overview and Basic Concepts
4.1.1 Lundberg's Waves
4.1.2 The Monro-Kellie Doctrine
4.2 Eligibility Criteria for Invasive Monitoring
4.3 Definitions in Intracranial Dynamics and Monitoring Methods
4.3.1 Definitions
4.3.1.1 Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
4.3.1.2 Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
4.3.1.3 Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
4.3.2 ICP Monitoring Methods
4.4 Interpretation of ICP Monitoring
4.5 Complications
References
Chapter 5: Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Imaging Methods for Estimating Intracranial Hypertension
5.2.1 Computed Tomography
5.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Images
5.2.3 Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (with US)
5.2.4 Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (with CT Scan)
5.2.5 Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (with MRI)
5.3 Indirect Pressure Transmission
5.3.1 Fundoscopy
5.3.2 Tympanometry
5.3.3 Skull Deformity
5.4 Cerebral Blood Flow Methods for Estimating Intracranial Hypertension
5.4.1 Transcranial Doppler
5.5 Metabolic Alterations
5.5.1 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-NIRS
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Brain Tissue Oxygen Monitoring
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Secondary Brain Injury Classification
6.3 Neurological Monitoring
6.4 Regional Brain Oximetry-PtiO2
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Neurocritical Care: An Overview
1.1 History and Evolution of Intensive Care Units
1.2 Neurocritical Care Specialty
1.3 ICU Organizational Structure and Staffing
1.4 Quality Improvement and Neurocritical Care
1.5 Patient/Family Satisfaction
1.6 Effective Communication and Handoffs
1.7 Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology as an Emerging Subspecialty
1.8 Conclusion
References
Part I: The Basics and Monitoring
Chapter 2: Metabolism and Cerebral Blood Flow
2.1 Cerebral Autoregulation
2.2 Blood-Brain Barrier
2.3 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Brain Edema: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
3.1 History
3.1.1 1700s: Formation of the Monro-Kellie Doctrine
3.1.2 1800s: Discovery of CSF Dynamics and the Blood-Brain Barrier
3.1.3 1900s: Basic Pathophysiology and Treatments Are Discovered
3.1.4 2000s: Molecular Mechanisms Are Investigated
3.2 Clinical Condition
3.2.1 Basic Principles
3.2.2 Peritumoral Edema
3.2.3 Perihematomal Edema
3.2.4 Cerebral Edema and Swelling
3.3 Physical Examination/Imaging
3.3.1 Ocular Findings
3.3.2 Herniation Syndromes
3.3.3 ICP Monitoring
3.3.4 Imaging
3.4 Differential Diagnosis
3.5 Treatment Options
3.5.1 Medical Optimization and Patient Positioning
3.5.2 Hyperventilation and Hyperosmolar Therapy
3.5.3 Decompressive Craniectomy
3.5.4 Experimental Therapies
3.6 Complications
References
Chapter 4: Intracranial Pressure: Invasive Methods of Monitoring
4.1 Historical Overview and Basic Concepts
4.1.1 Lundberg's Waves
4.1.2 The Monro-Kellie Doctrine
4.2 Eligibility Criteria for Invasive Monitoring
4.3 Definitions in Intracranial Dynamics and Monitoring Methods
4.3.1 Definitions
4.3.1.1 Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
4.3.1.2 Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
4.3.1.3 Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
4.3.2 ICP Monitoring Methods
4.4 Interpretation of ICP Monitoring
4.5 Complications
References
Chapter 5: Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Imaging Methods for Estimating Intracranial Hypertension
5.2.1 Computed Tomography
5.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Images
5.2.3 Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (with US)
5.2.4 Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (with CT Scan)
5.2.5 Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (with MRI)
5.3 Indirect Pressure Transmission
5.3.1 Fundoscopy
5.3.2 Tympanometry
5.3.3 Skull Deformity
5.4 Cerebral Blood Flow Methods for Estimating Intracranial Hypertension
5.4.1 Transcranial Doppler
5.5 Metabolic Alterations
5.5.1 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-NIRS
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Brain Tissue Oxygen Monitoring
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Secondary Brain Injury Classification
6.3 Neurological Monitoring
6.4 Regional Brain Oximetry-PtiO2