Intro
Foreword
References
Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Sex Differences in Respiratory Physiology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Studies of Sex Differences
1.3 Definitions and Methods to Assess Respiratory Structure/Function
1.4 Sex Differences in the Developing Lung
1.5 Peri-Pubertal Sex Differences and Adulthood
1.6 Importance of Sex Differences in the Lung
References
Chapter 2: Sex Differences in the Anatomy of the Airways and the Lungs: Impact on Dysanapsis across the Lifespan

2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Anatomical Overview of Airways and Lungs
2.1.1.1 Airways
2.1.1.2 Lung
2.2 Determinants of Sex Differences in the Airways, the Lungs, and dysanapsis
2.2.1 Dimensional Determinants
2.2.1.1 Nasopharynx
2.2.1.2 Pharynx
2.2.1.3 Glottis
2.2.1.4 Vocal Cords
2.2.1.5 Larynx
2.2.1.6 Trachea and Main Bronchi
2.2.2 Lung
2.3 Dysanapsis
2.4 Immunological Determinants
2.5 Hormonal Determinants
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Sex Steroids and Their Influence in Lung Diseases Across the Lifespan
3.1 Introduction

3.2 Biology of Sex Steroids
3.2.1 Estrogen
3.2.2 Progesterone
3.2.3 Testosterone
3.2.4 Other Regulators of Sex Steroids
3.3 Functions of Sex Steroids Across the Lifespan: An Emphasis on Lung Diseases
3.3.1 Effects of Sex Steroids in Prenatal Lungs
3.3.2 Effects of Sex Steroids in Early Childhood
3.3.3 Effects of Sex Steroids in Late Childhood/Puberty
3.3.4 Effects of Sex Steroids in Adult Lungs
3.3.5 Effects of Sex Steroids in Aging Lungs
3.4 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Chapter 4: Sex Differences in the Developing Lung: Implications for Disease

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Neonatal Lung
4.2.1 Lung Development During Gestation and Infancy
4.2.2 Gender Disparities in Preterm Neonatal Outcomes
4.2.3 Gender and Respiratory Outcomes in Preterm Infants
4.2.3.1 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
4.2.3.2 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
4.2.3.3 Sex-specific Response to Environmental Smoking Exposures
4.2.3.4 Chronic Cough
4.2.3.5 Protracted (or Persistent) Bacterial Bronchitis (PBB)
4.2.3.6 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)
4.2.3.7 Non-cystic Fibrosis (Non-CF) Bronchiectasis
4.2.3.8 Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

4.3 Prepubertal Development of the Lung
4.3.1 Lung Development During Early Childhood
4.3.2 Pulmonary Function Testing in Infants and Preschool Children
4.3.2.1 Forced Deflation and the Rapid Thoracoabdominal Compression
4.3.2.2 Measures of Compliance and Resistance
4.3.2.3 Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT)
4.3.2.4 Inert Gas Washout (IGW)
4.3.2.5 Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)
4.3.2.6 Ventilator Graphics
4.3.3 Pulmonary Function Testing in Older Children
4.3.3.1 Spirometry
4.3.4 Sex Differences in Airway Obstruction and Lung Diseases