Intro
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations
1 Introduction to the Book
1.1 Introduction and Background Information
1.2 Objectives of the Book
1.3 Chapter Outlines
References
Part IInternational Anti-trafficking Legal Frameworks
2 Understanding Trafficking in Persons
2.1 Historical Perspectives
2.1.1 Before the League of Nations
2.1.2 After the League of Nations
2.1.3 United Nations (UN)
2.1.4 International Organization for Migration
2.1.5 European Union
2.1.6 Council of Europe
2.1.7 Organization of American States (OAS)

2.1.8 African Union (AU) and Asia
2.1.9 Report of the UN Special Rapporteur
2.2 Need for a New Definition of Trafficking
2.3 Drafting the TIP Protocol 2000 and Its Definition
2.4 Current Definition of Trafficking
2.4.1 Action Element of Trafficking
2.4.2 Means Element of Trafficking
2.4.3 Purpose Element of Trafficking
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 International Legal Regime
3.1 Anti-trafficking Primary Legal Regime
3.1.1 Organised Crime Convention
3.1.2 TIP Protocol
3.1.3 Migrant Smuggling Protocol
3.2 Regional Anti-trafficking Legal Frameworks

3.2.1 SAARC Convention
3.2.2 CoE Anti-trafficking Convention
3.2.3 Directive 2011/36/EU
3.2.4 Fragmented Legal Framework of the AU
3.3 Human Rights Instruments
3.3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
3.3.2 ICCPR Covenant
3.3.3 ICESCR Covenant
3.3.4 CEDAW Convention
3.3.5 CERD Convention
3.3.6 CRC Convention
3.3.7 CoE Human Rights Convention
3.3.8 African Human Rights Charter
3.3.9 American Convention on Human Rights
3.3.10 Migrant Workers Convention
3.3.11 Refugee Convention
3.4 Conclusion
References

4 State Responsibility for Trafficking
4.1 State Responsibility in International Law
4.2 Attribution
4.3 Breach of an International Obligation
4.4 Special Considerations on State Responsibility for Trafficking
4.5 Legal Consequences
4.6 Invoking International Responsibility
4.7 Countermeasures
4.8 Conclusion
References
5 Anti-trafficking Obligations
5.1 Obligation of a Criminal Justice Response
5.1.1 Obligation to Criminalise Trafficking in Persons
5.1.2 Criminalisation of Trafficking Related Crimes
5.1.3 Criminal Jurisdiction

5.1.4 Investigation, Prosecution and Adjudication
5.1.5 Sanctions and Penalties
5.1.6 Asset Confiscation, Recovery and Use
5.1.7 International Co-operation
5.2 Obligation to Prevent Trafficking
5.2.1 Preventing Trafficking through Addressing Vulnerability
5.2.2 Preventing Trafficking by Addressing Demand
5.2.3 Preventing Trafficking Lawfully
5.3 Obligation of Protection, Assistance, Support and Remedies
5.3.1 Obligation to Identify Victims of Trafficking
5.3.2 Obligation not to Punish Victims
5.3.3 Protection from Further Harm and of Privacy