Intro
Preface
Contents
The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder
1 Introduction
2 Neurotransmitters
2.1 Serotoninergic System
2.2 Dopaminergic System
2.3 Norepinephrinergic System
2.4 GABAergic System
2.5 Glutamatergic System
3 Intracellular Signalling
4 Adenylate Cyclase Signalling Pathway
5 Neurotrophins and Neurogenesis
6 Neuroendocrine
7 Conclusion
References
The Role of Stress in Bipolar Disorder
1 Introduction
1.1 Activation of Hormonal Systems After Stress
1.2 Stress Hormone Receptors

2 Stress Hormone Actions on the Brain in Healthy Individuals
2.1 Cellular Effects of Stress Hormones on Brain Circuits
2.2 Neuronal Circuits and Cognitive Function
3 Changes in Stress Responsiveness in Bipolar Disorder
3.1 Imbalance in the Stress System: Importance of Genetic and (Early) Life History
3.2 Changes in the HPA Axis in Bipolar Disorder Patients
4 Changes in Cognitive Function in Bipolar Disorder Related to Stress
4.1 Time-Dependent Changes in Cognitive Processing Following Stress in BD Patients

4.2 Network Function in BP Patients and Individuals at Risk for Psychopathology
5 Concluding Remarks
References
The Role of Genetics in Bipolar Disorder
1 Introduction: Why Genetics Matters in the Susceptibility to Bipolar Disorder?
2 Bipolar Disorder Is Heritable: Twin, Adoption, and Family Studies
3 How Many Genes Modulate the Risk of Bipolar Disorder? Linkage Studies, Candidate Gene Studies, and Genome-Wide Association S ...
4 Genetic Overlap Between Bipolar Disorder and Other Brain Disorders: Disorder-Specific or General Genetic Influences?

5 The Role of Rare Genetic Variants
6 Gene x Environment Studies
7 Nongenetic Mechanisms Contributing to the Regulation of Gene Expression: Epigenetics
8 Current and Future Lines of Research
9 Conclusion
References
Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction for Bipolar Disorder
1 The Mitochondria
1.1 Mitochondria as an Energy Source
1.2 Other Functions of Mitochondria
2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
3 Mitochondria in Bipolar Disorder
3.1 Possible Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder
3.1.1 A Shift from OXPHOS to Glycolysis

3.1.2 Creatine Kinase
3.1.3 Calcium
3.1.4 Increased Oxidative Stress
3.1.5 Neurotransmitters
3.1.6 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
3.1.7 NAA
3.1.8 Bcl-2
3.2 Mitochondrial Genes
4 How Conventional Drugs for Bipolar Disorder Relate to Mitochondrial Functioning
5 Mitochondrial Potential Treatments
5.1 Likely Beneficial
5.1.1 PPAR Agonists
5.1.2 Minocycline
5.1.3 N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC)
5.1.4 Co-enzyme Q10
5.1.5 Melatonin
5.2 Theoretically Beneficial, but No Studies Have Been Published
5.2.1 Ebselen
5.2.2 Mangosteen