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4.4.5 Reduction of Carotenoids with 4-Oxo-[beta]-End Group to 4-Hydroxy-5,6-Dihydro-[beta]-End Group in Spindle Shells
4.4.6 Oxidative Cleavage of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond at C7'-C8' in C40 Skeletal Carotenoids to Form 8'-Apocarotenoids
4.4.7 Novel Carotenoid Pyropheophorbide a Esters from Abalone
4.5 Carotenoid Metabolism in Arthropoda (Crustaceans)
4.5.1 Oxidation of [beta]-Carotene to Astaxanthin in Crustaceans
4.5.2 Racemization of Astaxanthin and Reductive Metabolic Pathways of Carotenoids in Prawn
4.5.3 Other Oxidative Metabolic Pathways of Carotenoids in Crustaceans
4.6 Carotenoid Metabolism in Echinodermata (Echinoderms)
4.7 Metabolism of Carotenoids in Fish
4.7.1 Epimerization of Lutein Through 3-Hydroxy-[beta], E-Caroten-32 One and Oxidative Metabolisms of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Cypri ...
4.7.2 Reductive Metabolism Pathway of Astaxanthin in Perciformes and Salmonidae Fish
4.7.3 Hydrogenation of Double Bond at C7-C8 (C72 C82 in Catfish Silurus asotus
4.7.4 Oxidation of Hydroxy Groups and Retro Rearrangement of Polyene Chain of Zeaxanthin in Tilapia Tilapia nilotica
4.7.5 Other Unique Structures of Carotenoids in Fish
Intro
Preface and Introduction
Contents
Part I: Biosynthetic Approach
1: Commercial Production of Astaxanthin from the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Functions and Uses of Natural Astaxanthin
1.3 Natural Sources for Astaxanthin
1.4 Life History of H. pluvialis
1.5 Mass Culture of H. pluvialis
1.6 Extraction of Astaxanthin
1.7 Future of H. pluvialis-Derived Astaxanthin
References
2: Commercial Production of Astaxanthin with Paracoccus carotinifaciens
2.1 Introduction
2.2 P. carotinifaciens
2.3 Improvement of Producing Astaxanthin with P. carotinifaciens
2.4 Commercial Production of Astaxanthin with P. carotinifaciens
2.5 Usage Examples of Dehydrated P. carotinifaciens
2.6 Astaxanthin-Rich Carotenoid Extracts (ARE) Derived from P. carotinifaciens
References
3: Production of Carotenoids from Cultivated Seaweed
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cultivation of C. okamuranus Discoid Germlings in Floating Form
3.3 Production of Fucoxanthin and Fucoxanthin Chlorophyll a/c Protein
3.4 Cultivation of Various Brown Algae in Microalgal Forms
3.5 Cultivation of Codium intricatum Trichomes in Floating Form
3.6 Prospects for the Future
References
4: Carotenoid Metabolism in Aquatic Animals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carotenoids in Porifera
4.3 Carotenoids in Coelenterata
4.4 Carotenoid Metabolism in Mollusca (Mollusks) and Protochordata (Tunicates)
4.4.1 Metabolism of Fucoxanthin in Bivalves and Tunicates
4.4.2 Metabolism of Peridinin in Bivalves and Tunicates
4.4.3 Metabolism of Diatoxanthin and Alloxanthin in Bivalves and Tunicates
4.4.4 Oxidation of Carotenoids in Snail
4.4.6 Oxidative Cleavage of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond at C7'-C8' in C40 Skeletal Carotenoids to Form 8'-Apocarotenoids
4.4.7 Novel Carotenoid Pyropheophorbide a Esters from Abalone
4.5 Carotenoid Metabolism in Arthropoda (Crustaceans)
4.5.1 Oxidation of [beta]-Carotene to Astaxanthin in Crustaceans
4.5.2 Racemization of Astaxanthin and Reductive Metabolic Pathways of Carotenoids in Prawn
4.5.3 Other Oxidative Metabolic Pathways of Carotenoids in Crustaceans
4.6 Carotenoid Metabolism in Echinodermata (Echinoderms)
4.7 Metabolism of Carotenoids in Fish
4.7.1 Epimerization of Lutein Through 3-Hydroxy-[beta], E-Caroten-32 One and Oxidative Metabolisms of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Cypri ...
4.7.2 Reductive Metabolism Pathway of Astaxanthin in Perciformes and Salmonidae Fish
4.7.3 Hydrogenation of Double Bond at C7-C8 (C72 C82 in Catfish Silurus asotus
4.7.4 Oxidation of Hydroxy Groups and Retro Rearrangement of Polyene Chain of Zeaxanthin in Tilapia Tilapia nilotica
4.7.5 Other Unique Structures of Carotenoids in Fish
Intro
Preface and Introduction
Contents
Part I: Biosynthetic Approach
1: Commercial Production of Astaxanthin from the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Functions and Uses of Natural Astaxanthin
1.3 Natural Sources for Astaxanthin
1.4 Life History of H. pluvialis
1.5 Mass Culture of H. pluvialis
1.6 Extraction of Astaxanthin
1.7 Future of H. pluvialis-Derived Astaxanthin
References
2: Commercial Production of Astaxanthin with Paracoccus carotinifaciens
2.1 Introduction
2.2 P. carotinifaciens
2.3 Improvement of Producing Astaxanthin with P. carotinifaciens
2.4 Commercial Production of Astaxanthin with P. carotinifaciens
2.5 Usage Examples of Dehydrated P. carotinifaciens
2.6 Astaxanthin-Rich Carotenoid Extracts (ARE) Derived from P. carotinifaciens
References
3: Production of Carotenoids from Cultivated Seaweed
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cultivation of C. okamuranus Discoid Germlings in Floating Form
3.3 Production of Fucoxanthin and Fucoxanthin Chlorophyll a/c Protein
3.4 Cultivation of Various Brown Algae in Microalgal Forms
3.5 Cultivation of Codium intricatum Trichomes in Floating Form
3.6 Prospects for the Future
References
4: Carotenoid Metabolism in Aquatic Animals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carotenoids in Porifera
4.3 Carotenoids in Coelenterata
4.4 Carotenoid Metabolism in Mollusca (Mollusks) and Protochordata (Tunicates)
4.4.1 Metabolism of Fucoxanthin in Bivalves and Tunicates
4.4.2 Metabolism of Peridinin in Bivalves and Tunicates
4.4.3 Metabolism of Diatoxanthin and Alloxanthin in Bivalves and Tunicates
4.4.4 Oxidation of Carotenoids in Snail