Intro
Preface
Normal Values and Conversion Factors
Electrolytes
Disclaimer
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Practical Aspects of ABG
1.1 When Is Arterial Blood Gas Analysis (ABGA) Performed?
1.2 Patient Consent
1.3 How to Collect a Sample
1.4 Inadvertent Sampling
1.5 Allen Test
1.6 Complications of Arterial Puncture
Chapter 2: Oxygen Parameters
2.1 Normal Values of ABG
2.2 What Is Oxygen Saturation?
2.2.1 Saturation Can Be Measured in Many Ways
2.2.2 Advantages of Measuring Saturation
2.3 Problems with SpO2
2.3.1 Some Facts

2.4 What Is Oxygen Capacity and Content? (CaO2)
2.4.1 Oxygen Capacity
2.4.2 Oxygen Content (CaO2)
2.4.3 Misconceptions
2.5 What Is Oxygen Delivery?
2.5.1 The Difference in Oxygen Content of Arterial and Venous Blood
2.6 Hypoxia
2.6.1 Causes of Hypoxia
2.7 Who Is more Hypoxic?
2.8 What Is FiO2?
2.9 What Is PiO2?
2.10 What Is PAO2?
2.11 Point to Be Noted
2.12 A Special Situation
Chapter 3: Type 2 Respiratory Failure/Hypercarbia/Hypercapnia (Hypercarbia)
3.1 Hypercarbia/Hypercapnia
3.2 What Is Respiratory Failure?
3.3 Acidemia/Acidosis

3.4 Causes of Type 2 Respiratory Failure or Hypoventilation (CO2 Retention)
3.5 Clinical Features of CO2 Retention
3.6 Management of Acute Respiratory Acidosis
3.7 Management of Chronic Respiratory Acidosis
3.8 How much Oxygen Is Needed for Patients with COAD?
3.9 What Is NIPPV or NIV?
3.10 What Are the Indications for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation?
3.10.1 What Is Dead space?
Chapter 4: Respiratory Alkalosis
4.1 Alkalosis
4.1.1 Respiratory Alkalosis
4.2 Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis
4.3 Clinical Features of Respiratory Alkalosis

4.3.1 Cardiovascular Features
4.3.2 Neurological Features
4.4 Management of Respiratory Alkalosis
Chapter 5: Pearls of Wisdom and Examples
5.1 Pearls of Wisdom
5.1.1 Let Us See Some Example Questions
Chapter 6: Metabolic Disorders: 1
6.1 Metabolic Disorders
6.1.1 Metabolic Acidosis
6.1.2 Compensation of Metabolic Acidosis
6.1.3 Anion Gap (AG)
6.2 Raised Anion Gap Acidosis
6.2.1 MUDPILES
6.2.2 GOLDMARK
6.3 Lactic Acidosis
6.4 Management of Lactic Acidosis
6.5 What Is the Osmolar (Osmolal) Gap?
6.6 Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA)

6.6.1 FUSEDCARS
6.6.2 ACCRUED
6.7 Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis, RTA
6.8 Type 2 RTA
6.9 Type 3 RTA
6.10 Type 4 RTA
6.11 What Is the Urinary Anion Gap (UAG)?
6.12 What Is the Delta Gap or Delta Factor?
6.13 Let Us Look at Two Examples
References
Chapter 7: Metabolic Disorders: 2
7.1 Compensation for Metabolic Acidosis
7.2 An Approach to Acidosis
7.3 How an Anion Gap Can Mislead the Interpreter?
7.3.1 Principles of Treating Metabolic Acidosis
7.3.2 Use of Alkali Such as, Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
7.3.3 NaHCO3 Has Other Problems