Intro
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Freezing and Tonic Immobility: Their Definitions and Naming
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Freezing and TI
1.2.1 A Rat and a Cat
1.2.1.1 Step 1 (Encounter, Fig. 1.1A-1)
1.2.1.2 Step 2 (Approach, Fig. 1.1A-2)
1.2.1.3 Step 3 (Imminent Attack, Fig. 1.1A-3)
1.2.1.4 Step 4 (Attack, Fig. 1.1A-4)
1.2.2 A Beetle and a Toad
1.2.2.1 Step 1 (Encounter, Fig. 1.1B-1)
1.2.2.2 Step 2 (Approach, Fig. 1.1B-2)
1.2.2.3 Step 3 (Attack, Fig. 1.1B-3)
1.3 Mechanisms of Freezing
1.3.1 Vertebrates
1.3.2 Insects
1.4 Mechanisms of TI

1.4.1 Animals
1.4.2 Brief History of TI Studies
1.4.3 General Features and Neural Mechanisms of TI
1.4.3.1 Vertebrates
1.4.3.2 Hypotheses of TI Based on Vertebrate Study
1.4.3.3 Insects
1.5 Naming
1.5.1 Freezing
1.5.2 TI
References
Chapter 2: Historical Review on Thanatosis with Special Reference to the Work of Fritz Steiniger
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Which Kind of Stimuli Induce or Abolish the Cataleptic State?
2.3 Localization of "Center of Cataleptic State"
2.4 The Ecological Importance of the Cataleptic State
2.5 Evolutionary Considerations

2.6 Definitions of Various Animal Immobilities by Steiniger
2.7 Conditions for Inducing Immobility in an Animal
2.8 Problems with the Term "Animal Hypnosis"
References
Chapter 3: The Function of Tonic Immobility: Review and Prospectus
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problems in the Study of the Function of TI
3.2.1 Confusion with Similar Concepts
3.2.2 Misunderstandings Due to the Meanings Contained in the Terms
3.3 Case Studies of the Function of TI
3.3.1 Specialized TI Posture for Gape-Limited Predators
3.3.1.1 Defensive Mechanism of TI

3.3.1.2 Effectiveness of the Defense
3.3.1.3 Predator Specificity of TI Defense
3.3.1.4 Generality of Function
3.3.2 Instantaneous Switching of Defensive Coloration
3.3.3 Proactive Dropping and TI as a "Side Effect"
3.3.4 Other Studies on TI Functions
3.4 Future Perspective
References
Chapter 4: Environmental, Physiological, and Genetic Effects on Tonic Immobility in Beetles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Feature of Tonic Immobility in the Beetles Used
4.3 Taxonomic Distribution
4.4 Phenotypic Plasticity: Two Modes in Insects
4.4.1 Pre-Stimulus Behaviors

4.4.2 Circadian Rhythm
4.4.3 Mating
4.4.4 Starvation
4.4.5 Ambient Temperature
4.4.6 Body Size
4.4.7 Age
4.4.8 Season
4.4.9 Conclusion
4.5 Artificial Selection for Duration of Tonic Immobility and the Correlated Responses
4.5.1 Model Study 1: Tribolium Species
4.5.1.1 Direct Responses
4.5.1.2 Correlated Response I: Cost of Tonic Immobility
4.5.1.3 Correlated Response II: Activity
4.5.1.4 Correlated Response III: Dopamine and Biogenic Amines
4.5.1.5 Transcriptomic Comparison
4.5.1.6 Arousal from Tonic Immobility