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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Downstream Processing of Biofuels
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Biofuels and Their Importance
1.1.2 History of Biofuels
1.1.3 Different Generations of Biofuels
1.1.4 Biofuel Development Across the Globe
1.1.5 Specifications for Biofuels
1.2 Production of Bioethanol
1.2.1 Downstream Processing of Biofuels
1.2.1.1 Pervaporation
1.2.1.2 Gas Stripping
1.2.1.3 Distillation
Heat-Integrated Distillation
Membrane-Based Downstream Separation
Ohmic-Assisted Hydrodistillation
1.2.1.4 Diffusion Distillation
1.2.1.5 Salting out Method
1.2.1.6 Adsorption
1.2.1.7 Extraction Liquid-Liquid
1.2.2 In Situ/In-Stream Recovery Techniques
1.2.2.1 In-Stream Recovery
1.2.2.2 Vacuum Fermentation
1.2.3 Comparison of Various Biofuels Recovery Techniques on the Basis of Economics
1.2.4 Downstream Processing of Third Generation of Biofuels
1.3 Harvesting Method
1.3.1 Settling/Sedimentation/Gravity Sedimentation
1.3.2 Centrifugation
1.3.3 Filtration
1.3.4 Sedimentation
1.3.5 Membrane Separation
1.3.6 Flocculation
1.3.6.1 Chemical Flocculation
1.3.6.2 Auto and Bioflocculation
1.3.6.3 Inorganic Flocculants and Coagulants
1.3.6.4 Organic Flocculants and Coagulants
1.3.6.5 Electroflocculation/Electro-Coagulation/Electrolytic Aggregation
1.3.7 Flotation
1.3.7.1 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
1.3.7.2 Froth Floatation
1.3.7.3 Dispersed Flotation
1.3.7.4 Ozone Flotation
1.3.7.5 Electrolytic Flotation
1.3.7.6 Foam Flotation
1.3.8 Magnetic Separation
1.3.9 Ultrasonic Separation
1.4 Cell Disruption Techniques
1.4.1 Bead Beating
1.4.2 High-Pressure Homogenization
1.5 Extraction of Lipid
1.5.1 Single Solvent Extraction
1.5.2 Supercritical Extraction
1.5.3 Enzymatic Extraction
1.5.4 Extraction Through Ultrasound
1.5.5 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
1.5.6 Ionic Liquids for Extraction
1.6 Hydrodynamic Fluidic Devices
1.7 Direct Biofuel Production from Algae
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Application of Microorganisms for Biofuel Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biofuels: Definition, Classification and Characterization
2.2.1 Characteristics of Biofuels
2.2.1.1 Classification of Biofuels According to Generations
2.3 Technology for Production of Biofuels
2.3.1 Pretreatment
2.3.2 Enzyme Conversion Technology
2.4 Microbial Production of Biodiesel
2.4.1 Microbial Production of Biodiesel
2.4.1.1 Microalgae
2.4.1.2 Production of Biomass from Microalgae
2.4.1.3 Trans-Esterification
2.4.2 Bacteria
2.4.3 Yeast and Fungi
2.5 Bioethanol
2.5.1 Substrates for Bioethanol Production
2.5.2 Stages of Bioethanol Production
2.5.3 Microbiological Production of Bioethanol
2.6 Microbiological Production of Hydrogen
2.6.1 Substrate Involved in Fermentation
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Downstream Processing of Biofuels
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Biofuels and Their Importance
1.1.2 History of Biofuels
1.1.3 Different Generations of Biofuels
1.1.4 Biofuel Development Across the Globe
1.1.5 Specifications for Biofuels
1.2 Production of Bioethanol
1.2.1 Downstream Processing of Biofuels
1.2.1.1 Pervaporation
1.2.1.2 Gas Stripping
1.2.1.3 Distillation
Heat-Integrated Distillation
Membrane-Based Downstream Separation
Ohmic-Assisted Hydrodistillation
1.2.1.4 Diffusion Distillation
1.2.1.5 Salting out Method
1.2.1.6 Adsorption
1.2.1.7 Extraction Liquid-Liquid
1.2.2 In Situ/In-Stream Recovery Techniques
1.2.2.1 In-Stream Recovery
1.2.2.2 Vacuum Fermentation
1.2.3 Comparison of Various Biofuels Recovery Techniques on the Basis of Economics
1.2.4 Downstream Processing of Third Generation of Biofuels
1.3 Harvesting Method
1.3.1 Settling/Sedimentation/Gravity Sedimentation
1.3.2 Centrifugation
1.3.3 Filtration
1.3.4 Sedimentation
1.3.5 Membrane Separation
1.3.6 Flocculation
1.3.6.1 Chemical Flocculation
1.3.6.2 Auto and Bioflocculation
1.3.6.3 Inorganic Flocculants and Coagulants
1.3.6.4 Organic Flocculants and Coagulants
1.3.6.5 Electroflocculation/Electro-Coagulation/Electrolytic Aggregation
1.3.7 Flotation
1.3.7.1 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
1.3.7.2 Froth Floatation
1.3.7.3 Dispersed Flotation
1.3.7.4 Ozone Flotation
1.3.7.5 Electrolytic Flotation
1.3.7.6 Foam Flotation
1.3.8 Magnetic Separation
1.3.9 Ultrasonic Separation
1.4 Cell Disruption Techniques
1.4.1 Bead Beating
1.4.2 High-Pressure Homogenization
1.5 Extraction of Lipid
1.5.1 Single Solvent Extraction
1.5.2 Supercritical Extraction
1.5.3 Enzymatic Extraction
1.5.4 Extraction Through Ultrasound
1.5.5 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
1.5.6 Ionic Liquids for Extraction
1.6 Hydrodynamic Fluidic Devices
1.7 Direct Biofuel Production from Algae
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Application of Microorganisms for Biofuel Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biofuels: Definition, Classification and Characterization
2.2.1 Characteristics of Biofuels
2.2.1.1 Classification of Biofuels According to Generations
2.3 Technology for Production of Biofuels
2.3.1 Pretreatment
2.3.2 Enzyme Conversion Technology
2.4 Microbial Production of Biodiesel
2.4.1 Microbial Production of Biodiesel
2.4.1.1 Microalgae
2.4.1.2 Production of Biomass from Microalgae
2.4.1.3 Trans-Esterification
2.4.2 Bacteria
2.4.3 Yeast and Fungi
2.5 Bioethanol
2.5.1 Substrates for Bioethanol Production
2.5.2 Stages of Bioethanol Production
2.5.3 Microbiological Production of Bioethanol
2.6 Microbiological Production of Hydrogen
2.6.1 Substrate Involved in Fermentation