Intro
Preface
Contents
1: Evolution of Spine Surgery as a Request of Endoscopic and Microscopic Laser to Technology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Summary
References
2: Physics and General Principle of Spinal Laser
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Laser Physics
2.3 The Utility of Laser Application in Spinal Surgery
2.4 The Principle of the Laser in the Treatment of PLDD
2.5 CO2 Laser
2.6 Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) Laser
2.7 Neodymium-Doped YAG (Nd:YAG) Laser
2.8 Summary
References
3: Setting Up Lasers in Spine Surgery

3.1 General Operating Room Layout
3.2 Laser Spine Surgery Equipment
3.3 Positioning
3.4 Laser Machine
4: Anesthetic Consideration of the Laser Spine Surgery
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Anesthetic Considerations for General Anesthesia
4.2.1 Monitoring
4.2.2 Induction
4.2.3 Positioning
4.2.4 Airway Management
4.2.5 Maintenance
4.2.6 Transfusion Management
4.2.7 Extubation
4.2.8 Postoperative Care
4.2.9 Postoperative Complications
4.3 Awakened Sedation
References

5: Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Paramedian Disc Herniation with Ho:Yag Laser
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Indication
5.3 Surgical Technique
5.3.1 Anesthesia and Position
5.3.2 Special Surgical Instrument
5.3.3 Surgical Step
5.4 Literature Review
5.5 Postoperative Consideration
References
6: Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Foraminal Disc Herniation with Ho:Yag Laser
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Indications
6.2.1 Surgical Technique
References
7: Endoscopic Lumbar Foraminotomy with Ho:Yag Laser
7.1 Introduction

7.2 Indications
7.3 Surgical Procedure
7.4 Role of Ho:Yag Laser in Endoscopic Foraminotomy
7.5 Case Illustration
7.5.1 Case 1
7.5.2 Case 2
7.6 Summary
References
8: Microscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Paramedian Disc Herniation with CO2 Laser
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Indications
8.3 Surgical Technique
8.4 Postoperative Consideration
8.5 Case Illustration
8.6 Summary
References
9: Discectomy of Calcified Disc Herniation Using CO2 Laser
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Surgical Technique
9.3 Conclusion
References

10: Microscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Foraminal and Extraforaminal Disc Herniation Using CO2 Laser
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Indications
10.3 Surgical Technique
10.3.1 L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5
10.3.2 L5-S1
10.4 Case Illustration
10.5 Summary
References
11: Transforaminal Endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy with Ho:Yag Laser
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Indications
11.3 Surgical Technique
11.4 Postoperative Consideration
11.5 Case Illustration
11.5.1 Case 1
11.6 Summary
References