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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
References
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
List of Figures
Major Chronological Period
1 Introduction
1.1 Merchants in Early Modern China
1.1.1 Merchants: Status and Role
1.1.2 Market: Domestic and Foreign
1.1.3 Monarchy: Early Modern China
1.2 Methodology
1.2.1 Hermeneutical Approach: Combining Thought with History
1.2.2 Contextualisation: Major Schools of Economic Thought in Early Modern China
1.2.3 Comparison and Reconstruction: Attempt on Chinese Economic Thought
1.3 Structure of the Book
References
2 Institution: Designed System Faced by Ming Merchants
2.1 System Origin: Continuation and Change
2.1.1 Cultural Framework: Confucianism, Kinship, and Prefecture-County System
2.1.2 Institutional Arrangement: The Imperial Examination and Merchant Class
2.1.3 Fiscal Policy Design: State Monopoly
2.1.4 Public Goods: Roads and Posthouse
2.1.5 Market Control: Intention and Real Effect
2.2 Economic Thought Origin: Pro-Agriculture and Egalitarianism
2.2.1 Why Was Agriculture Emphasised in Ancient China?
2.2.2 A Firm Stance on Commerce
2.2.3 Thoughts on Egalitarianism
References
3 Monopoly: Merchants and Monarchy
3.1 Against State-Run Commerce
3.1.1 Supply and Demand: Qiu Jun and His Complex Attitudes Towards Monopoly
3.1.2 Jiangyou School: Zhang Juzheng and His Economic Views
3.1.3 Thoughts of Traditional Confucians: Yu Shenxing and Gu Yanwu
3.2 Supporting State Monopoly
3.2.1 Lin Xiyuan: Dredging the Source from Merchants
3.2.2 Li Zhi: Following Sang Hongyang
3.2.3 Wang Fuzhi: The Role of Wealthy Merchants
3.2.4 Li Wen: Comments on Previous Financial Governors
3.3 State-Merchant Cooperation in the Salt Business
3.3.1 The Kaizhong Method and the Role of Merchants
3.3.2 Rent-Seeking: The Participation of Officials and the Private Salt Sale
3.3.3 Ye Qi: Salt Merchants' Representative
3.3.4 Han Wen: Maintaining the State-Run System
3.3.5 Li Wen: Design of Salt System Reform
3.3.6 Pang Shangpeng and Yuan Shizhen: States' Interest First
3.3.7 Other Scholars: Guiding Merchants
3.4 Short Summary
References
4 Taxation: Levy on Merchants
4.1 Early Ming: Crackdown on Tax Evasion
4.1.1 Emperor Hongwu: Hostility Towards Wealthy Merchants
4.1.2 The Severe Punishment: Measures to Prevent Tax Evasion
4.2 Mid-Ming: The Objections to Fixed-Quota Commercial Taxes
4.2.1 Taxing Merchants: Reducing the Burden of Peasants
4.2.2 The Objections to Fixed-Quota Commercial Taxes
4.2.3 Increasingly Rampant Tax Evasion
4.3 Late Ming: Further Reduction of Commercial Tax
4.3.1 Critiques of Additional Commercial Taxes: State Interest
4.3.2 Donglin School: Personal Interest in Commercial Tax Reduction
Foreword
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
References
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
List of Figures
Major Chronological Period
1 Introduction
1.1 Merchants in Early Modern China
1.1.1 Merchants: Status and Role
1.1.2 Market: Domestic and Foreign
1.1.3 Monarchy: Early Modern China
1.2 Methodology
1.2.1 Hermeneutical Approach: Combining Thought with History
1.2.2 Contextualisation: Major Schools of Economic Thought in Early Modern China
1.2.3 Comparison and Reconstruction: Attempt on Chinese Economic Thought
1.3 Structure of the Book
References
2 Institution: Designed System Faced by Ming Merchants
2.1 System Origin: Continuation and Change
2.1.1 Cultural Framework: Confucianism, Kinship, and Prefecture-County System
2.1.2 Institutional Arrangement: The Imperial Examination and Merchant Class
2.1.3 Fiscal Policy Design: State Monopoly
2.1.4 Public Goods: Roads and Posthouse
2.1.5 Market Control: Intention and Real Effect
2.2 Economic Thought Origin: Pro-Agriculture and Egalitarianism
2.2.1 Why Was Agriculture Emphasised in Ancient China?
2.2.2 A Firm Stance on Commerce
2.2.3 Thoughts on Egalitarianism
References
3 Monopoly: Merchants and Monarchy
3.1 Against State-Run Commerce
3.1.1 Supply and Demand: Qiu Jun and His Complex Attitudes Towards Monopoly
3.1.2 Jiangyou School: Zhang Juzheng and His Economic Views
3.1.3 Thoughts of Traditional Confucians: Yu Shenxing and Gu Yanwu
3.2 Supporting State Monopoly
3.2.1 Lin Xiyuan: Dredging the Source from Merchants
3.2.2 Li Zhi: Following Sang Hongyang
3.2.3 Wang Fuzhi: The Role of Wealthy Merchants
3.2.4 Li Wen: Comments on Previous Financial Governors
3.3 State-Merchant Cooperation in the Salt Business
3.3.1 The Kaizhong Method and the Role of Merchants
3.3.2 Rent-Seeking: The Participation of Officials and the Private Salt Sale
3.3.3 Ye Qi: Salt Merchants' Representative
3.3.4 Han Wen: Maintaining the State-Run System
3.3.5 Li Wen: Design of Salt System Reform
3.3.6 Pang Shangpeng and Yuan Shizhen: States' Interest First
3.3.7 Other Scholars: Guiding Merchants
3.4 Short Summary
References
4 Taxation: Levy on Merchants
4.1 Early Ming: Crackdown on Tax Evasion
4.1.1 Emperor Hongwu: Hostility Towards Wealthy Merchants
4.1.2 The Severe Punishment: Measures to Prevent Tax Evasion
4.2 Mid-Ming: The Objections to Fixed-Quota Commercial Taxes
4.2.1 Taxing Merchants: Reducing the Burden of Peasants
4.2.2 The Objections to Fixed-Quota Commercial Taxes
4.2.3 Increasingly Rampant Tax Evasion
4.3 Late Ming: Further Reduction of Commercial Tax
4.3.1 Critiques of Additional Commercial Taxes: State Interest
4.3.2 Donglin School: Personal Interest in Commercial Tax Reduction