Intro
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editor
Part I: General Considerations
1: Pediatric Neuroanesthesia: Evolution of a New Subspeciality
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Development of Neuroanesthesia Along with Neurosurgery
1.3 Development of Pediatric Neurosurgery as a Subspecialty
1.3.1 Neurosurgery: An Indian Perspective
1.4 Pediatric Neuroanesthesia: Not Just "Anesthesia" or "Neuroanesthesia"
1.5 Future Prospects as a Subspeciality
1.6 Conclusion
References

2: Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Central Nervous System in Children
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Development of the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems
2.2.1 Intrauterine Development
2.2.2 Development of the Brain
2.2.3 Development of the Spinal Cord
2.2.4 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
2.2.5 Neuronal and Cellular Proliferation
2.2.6 Myelination
2.3 Relevant Anatomy
2.3.1 Head Size, Suture, and Fontanelle
2.4 Cerebral Vascular Anatomy
2.4.1 Arterial Circulation
2.4.2 Venous Drainage
2.5 Cerebral Physiology

2.5.1 Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
2.5.1.1 Factors Affecting Cerebral Blood Flow
Cerebrovascular Reactivity to Carbon Dioxide in Children
2.5.2 Cerebral Metabolic Rate (CMR)
2.5.3 Cerebral Autoregulation (CA)
2.5.3.1 Cerebral Autoregulation (CA) in Neonates
2.5.3.2 Cerebral Autoregulation (CA) in Small Children
2.5.4 Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) Dynamics
2.5.5 Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
2.5.6 Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
2.5.7 Cerebral Compliance (Intracranial Pressure-Volume Relationship)
2.5.7.1 Intracranial Compliance

2.6 Spinal Cord Anatomy and Physiology
2.6.1 Spinal Cord Vascular Anatomy
2.7 Neurotoxicity in the Immature Human Brain
2.8 Epileptogenesis in the Developing Brain
2.9 Neuroprotection
2.9.1 General Measures
2.9.2 Anesthetic Agents
2.9.3 Temperature Control: Therapeutic Hypothermia
2.9.4 Hypoxic-Ischemic Preconditioning
2.9.5 Remote Ischemic Preconditioning
2.9.6 Erythropoietin (EPO)
2.9.7 Progesterone
2.9.8 Neurotrophic Factors
2.9.9 Stem Cell Treatment
2.10 Cerebral Physiology in Pathological States
2.11 Conclusion
References

3: Effect of Sedatives and Anesthetics on Cerebral Physiology in Children
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effect of Specific Anesthetic Agents
3.2.1 Inhaled Anesthetics
3.2.1.1 Nitrous Oxide
3.2.1.2 Halothane
3.2.1.3 Isoflurane
3.2.1.4 Sevoflurane
3.2.1.5 Desflurane
3.2.1.6 Xenon
3.2.2 Intravenous Anesthetics
3.2.2.1 Propofol
3.2.2.2 Thiopentone
3.2.2.3 Etomidate
3.2.2.4 Ketamine
3.2.3 Other Agents
3.2.3.1 Opioids
3.2.3.2 Benzodiazepines
3.2.3.3 Muscle Relaxants
3.2.3.4 Dexmedetomidine
3.3 Anesthetic Neuroprotection in Children