3.2 Analyzing TR Spectral Doppler Envelope
3.3 Measuring Peak TR Velocity
3.4 Assessing Right Atrial Pressure
3.5 Interpreting the Data
3.6 Summary and Final Points
4: Pulmonary Pressure: Advanced
4.1 Pulmonary Artery Diastolic Pressure
4.2 Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure
4.2.1 Calculating Mean PAP Based on Sys/Dias PAP
4.2.2 PI Early Diastolic Velocity
4.2.3 TR VTI
4.2.4 PA Acceleration Time
4.3 Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
4.3.1 Comparing TR [delta]P and RVOT Flow
4.3.2 Calculating Pressure Drop and Flow across Pulmonary Circulation

Intro
Contents
1: General Principles
1.1 Doppler Principle
1.2 Bernoulli Principle
1.2.1 Bernoulli Equation (Fig. 1.2)
1.3 Wiggers Diagram
1.4 Summary and Final Points
2: Math in the Echo Lab
2.1 Volume Calculations
2.1.1 VTI-Based Technique
2.1.2 Border Tracing-Based Technique
2.2 Resistance Calculations
2.3 Continuity Principle
2.4 PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area) Calculation
2.5 Volumetirc Calculations
2.6 Summary and Final Points
3: Pulmonary Pressure: Beginner
3.1 Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure

4.4 Summary and Final Points
5: How Severe Is This MR
5.1 General Principles
5.2 Anatomic/Color Assessment for EROA
5.2.1 3D-Based Direct Measurement of EROA
5.2.2 Vena Contracta Measurement
5.3 PISA Method
5.3.1 Pointers and Potential Pitfalls for the PISA Method
5.4 Color Doppler Assessment
5.5 Volumetric Calculations
5.6 Summary and Final Points
6: What Is Wrong with This MR: Part I
6.1 Case Presentation
6.2 Approach to an Unusual MR Tracing
6.3 Summary and Final Points
7: What's Wrong with This MR: Part II
7.1 Case Presentation

7.2 Approach to an Unusual MR Tracing
7.2.1 Low Peak Velocity
7.2.2 Abnormal MR Envelope Shape
7.3 Summary and Final Points
8: Why Is This Happening Now
8.1 First-Degree Heart Block
8.1.1 Approach to Abnormal MR Timing
8.2 High Degree Heart Block
8.2.1 Approach to Abnormal MR Timing
8.3 The Missing Atrial Contraction
8.3.1 Approach to Abnormal MR Timing
8.4 Summary and Final Points
9: Extreme Pulsus Alternans
9.1 Case Presentation
9.2 Summary and Final Points
10: Is This AI an Emergency
10.1 AI Quantification
10.2 AI Hemodynamics

10.3 Summary and Final Points
11: There's a Hole in the Heart: Part I
11.1 Approach to ASD Evaluation
11.2 Case Presentation
11.2.1 Anatomic Type of ASD
11.2.2 Shunt Direction
11.2.3 Magnitude of the Interatrial Shunt
11.2.4 Effect of the Shunt on Chamber Size and Function
11.2.5 Presence of Pulmonary Hypertension
11.2.6 Estimation of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
11.3 Case Presentation
11.3.1 Shunt Direction
11.3.2 Magnitude of the Interatrial Shunt
11.3.3 Effect of the Shunt on Chamber Size and Function