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Table of Contents
Intro
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
Acronyms
Equations
Symbols
1 Background and Context
1.1 Towards a More Sustainable Private Transportation System
1.2 The Risk of Problem Shifting
1.3 Complex Systems Require Tools and Methodologies
1.4 Objective, Context and Structure of This Work
References
2 LCE and Electromobility
2.1 Environmental Sustainability and Life Cycle Engineering
2.1.1 Environmental Impacts of Products
2.1.2 Life Cycle Assessment
2.1.3 Life Cycle Engineering
2.2 Technical Aspects of Electric Vehicles and Lithium-Ion Traction Batteries
2.2.1 Electric Vehicles: Definitions and Classification
2.2.2 Electric Vehicle Energy Demand
2.2.3 Electric Vehicle Main Components
2.2.4 Lithium-Ion Traction Batteries
2.3 Life Cycle Engineering of Battery Electric Vehicles
2.3.1 LCA of Electromobility
2.3.2 Modelling Complexity
References
3 State of Research-Review on LCE Modelling and Assessment Approaches for Electromobility
3.1 Selection of Approaches and Definition of Evaluation Criteria
3.1.1 Selection of Approaches
3.1.2 Derivation of Evaluation Criteria
3.2 Description and Evaluation of Selected Approaches
3.2.1 State of the Research on the Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Electric Vehicles and Traction Batteries
3.2.2 State of the Research on Selected Modelling Approaches and Computational Frameworks for EVs and Traction Batteries
3.2.3 Contributions Outside the Field of Electromobility
3.2.4 Evaluation of Approaches and Summary of Findings
References
4 Concept Development: Integrated Computational Life Cycle Engineering for Traction Batteries
4.1 Systems Perspective in ICLCE
4.2 Synthesis of Needs, Objectives and Requirements
4.2.1 Synthesis of Needs
4.2.2 Analysis of Requirements
4.3 Framework and General Modelling Scheme
4.3.1 Framework Development and Reference Architecture
4.3.2 General Modelling Scheme in ICLCE
4.3.3 Foreground System Modelling
4.3.4 Background System Modelling
4.3.5 Spatial Context Modelling
4.3.6 Product System Modelling and Assessment
4.4 Prototypical Implementation of an ICLCE for Traction Batteries
References
5 Exemplary Application: Analysis of Variability in the LCE of Batteries for Electric Vehicles
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Implemented Models in the Foreground System Layer
5.1.2 Implemented Models in the Spatial Context Layer
5.2 Case Study
5.2.1 Complexity of Cradle to Gate LCIA Results of Traction Batteries
5.2.2 Complexity of LCIA Results of EVs Usage Stage
References
6 Summary, Critical Review and Outlook
6.1 Summary
6.2 Critical Review
6.3 Outlook
References
Appendix
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
Acronyms
Equations
Symbols
1 Background and Context
1.1 Towards a More Sustainable Private Transportation System
1.2 The Risk of Problem Shifting
1.3 Complex Systems Require Tools and Methodologies
1.4 Objective, Context and Structure of This Work
References
2 LCE and Electromobility
2.1 Environmental Sustainability and Life Cycle Engineering
2.1.1 Environmental Impacts of Products
2.1.2 Life Cycle Assessment
2.1.3 Life Cycle Engineering
2.2 Technical Aspects of Electric Vehicles and Lithium-Ion Traction Batteries
2.2.1 Electric Vehicles: Definitions and Classification
2.2.2 Electric Vehicle Energy Demand
2.2.3 Electric Vehicle Main Components
2.2.4 Lithium-Ion Traction Batteries
2.3 Life Cycle Engineering of Battery Electric Vehicles
2.3.1 LCA of Electromobility
2.3.2 Modelling Complexity
References
3 State of Research-Review on LCE Modelling and Assessment Approaches for Electromobility
3.1 Selection of Approaches and Definition of Evaluation Criteria
3.1.1 Selection of Approaches
3.1.2 Derivation of Evaluation Criteria
3.2 Description and Evaluation of Selected Approaches
3.2.1 State of the Research on the Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Electric Vehicles and Traction Batteries
3.2.2 State of the Research on Selected Modelling Approaches and Computational Frameworks for EVs and Traction Batteries
3.2.3 Contributions Outside the Field of Electromobility
3.2.4 Evaluation of Approaches and Summary of Findings
References
4 Concept Development: Integrated Computational Life Cycle Engineering for Traction Batteries
4.1 Systems Perspective in ICLCE
4.2 Synthesis of Needs, Objectives and Requirements
4.2.1 Synthesis of Needs
4.2.2 Analysis of Requirements
4.3 Framework and General Modelling Scheme
4.3.1 Framework Development and Reference Architecture
4.3.2 General Modelling Scheme in ICLCE
4.3.3 Foreground System Modelling
4.3.4 Background System Modelling
4.3.5 Spatial Context Modelling
4.3.6 Product System Modelling and Assessment
4.4 Prototypical Implementation of an ICLCE for Traction Batteries
References
5 Exemplary Application: Analysis of Variability in the LCE of Batteries for Electric Vehicles
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Implemented Models in the Foreground System Layer
5.1.2 Implemented Models in the Spatial Context Layer
5.2 Case Study
5.2.1 Complexity of Cradle to Gate LCIA Results of Traction Batteries
5.2.2 Complexity of LCIA Results of EVs Usage Stage
References
6 Summary, Critical Review and Outlook
6.1 Summary
6.2 Critical Review
6.3 Outlook
References
Appendix