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Table of Contents
Intro
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Combatting Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products: Comparative Analysis of Law and Practice
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Parameters of Licit and Illicit Tobacco Trade and Markets
2.3 Legal Framework and Strategies Against Illicit Tobacco Trade
2.4 Supply Chain Control
2.5 Offences, Sanctions and Other Consequences
2.6 Authorities Responsible for Combatting ITTP
2.7 Investigations in ITTP Cases
2.8 Institutional and International Cooperation
2.9 Comparative Conclusions
3.2.3 What Is Needed to Start an Illegal Cigarette Factory? Precursors and Their Legal Trade
3.2.3.1 Tobacco
3.2.3.2 Machines
3.2.3.3 Venues
3.2.4 The Organisation of Illegal Production: Flexible Networks
3.2.5 Illegal Cigarette Production: A Profitable, Low Risk Business
3.2.6 Illegal Production in West European Countries
3.2.7 Illegal Production of Shisha Tobacco
3.2.8 Mirrors: Reflecting on Law Enforcement Efforts to Combat Illegal Production
3.2.8.1 National Enforcement Philosophies and Inter-Agency Frictions
3.2.8.2 European Cooperation
3.2.8.3 Cooperation with Big Four Producers
3.3 Smuggling Cigarettes into EU Countries
3.3.1 What Is Smuggled? Cheap (Illicit) Whites, Counterfeits, and Genuine, Registered Brands Cigarettes
3.3.1.1 Cheap Whites
3.3.1.2 Contraband of Genuine, Big Four Brands Cigarettes
3.3.2 Actors and Organisation: The `Who ́of Contraband
3.3.2.1 `Ant-Smuggling ́at the Borders of the EU: Small and Medium-Scale Contraband
3.3.2.2 Large Scale Smuggle Organisations
3.3.3 Smuggle Log(ist)ics: The `How ́of Contraband
3.3.3.1 Transporting Illegal Cigarettes: Air, Water, Railroads and Highways
3.3.3.2 `Leave the Goods, Cut the Line, Throw the Phone ́
3.3.4 Routes: The `Where ́of Contraband
3.3.5 Mirrors: Reflecting on Law Enforcement Efforts to Combat Smuggling, and Ways to Evade Them
3.3.5.1 Effective Law Enforcement: Are Confiscations a Good Measurement Tool?
3.3.5.2 Practical Obstacles: Lack of the Appropriate Technology or Lack of Their Effective Use?
3.3.5.3 Socio-Cultural Aspects: Acceptance of Smuggling
3.3.5.4 Legal and Regulatory Obstacles: Free Trade vs. Fighting Illicit Goods?
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Combatting Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products: Comparative Analysis of Law and Practice
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Parameters of Licit and Illicit Tobacco Trade and Markets
2.3 Legal Framework and Strategies Against Illicit Tobacco Trade
2.4 Supply Chain Control
2.5 Offences, Sanctions and Other Consequences
2.6 Authorities Responsible for Combatting ITTP
2.7 Investigations in ITTP Cases
2.8 Institutional and International Cooperation
2.9 Comparative Conclusions
3.2.3 What Is Needed to Start an Illegal Cigarette Factory? Precursors and Their Legal Trade
3.2.3.1 Tobacco
3.2.3.2 Machines
3.2.3.3 Venues
3.2.4 The Organisation of Illegal Production: Flexible Networks
3.2.5 Illegal Cigarette Production: A Profitable, Low Risk Business
3.2.6 Illegal Production in West European Countries
3.2.7 Illegal Production of Shisha Tobacco
3.2.8 Mirrors: Reflecting on Law Enforcement Efforts to Combat Illegal Production
3.2.8.1 National Enforcement Philosophies and Inter-Agency Frictions
3.2.8.2 European Cooperation
3.2.8.3 Cooperation with Big Four Producers
3.3 Smuggling Cigarettes into EU Countries
3.3.1 What Is Smuggled? Cheap (Illicit) Whites, Counterfeits, and Genuine, Registered Brands Cigarettes
3.3.1.1 Cheap Whites
3.3.1.2 Contraband of Genuine, Big Four Brands Cigarettes
3.3.2 Actors and Organisation: The `Who ́of Contraband
3.3.2.1 `Ant-Smuggling ́at the Borders of the EU: Small and Medium-Scale Contraband
3.3.2.2 Large Scale Smuggle Organisations
3.3.3 Smuggle Log(ist)ics: The `How ́of Contraband
3.3.3.1 Transporting Illegal Cigarettes: Air, Water, Railroads and Highways
3.3.3.2 `Leave the Goods, Cut the Line, Throw the Phone ́
3.3.4 Routes: The `Where ́of Contraband
3.3.5 Mirrors: Reflecting on Law Enforcement Efforts to Combat Smuggling, and Ways to Evade Them
3.3.5.1 Effective Law Enforcement: Are Confiscations a Good Measurement Tool?
3.3.5.2 Practical Obstacles: Lack of the Appropriate Technology or Lack of Their Effective Use?
3.3.5.3 Socio-Cultural Aspects: Acceptance of Smuggling
3.3.5.4 Legal and Regulatory Obstacles: Free Trade vs. Fighting Illicit Goods?