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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Part I: For a Gnoseological View of the World
Chapter 2: Fundamental Questions About Knowledge
2.1 Three Key Questions-Why? What? How?
2.2 The Teleological ``Why? ́́
2.3 The Ontological ``What? ́́
2.4 The Gnoseological ``How? ́́
Chapter 3: Information and Knowledge
3.1 The Birth of Informatics
3.2 What Is Information?
3.3 About Computing
3.3.1 Algorithms-Conventional Computers
3.3.2 Neural Networks
3.4 Knowledge and Its Validity
3.4.1 What Is Knowledge?
3.4.2 Types of Knowledge and Their Validity
3.4.3 Scientific Knowledge
3.4.3.1 The Process of Developing Scientific Knowledge
3.4.3.2 On the Nature of Scientific Knowledge
3.4.4 Technical Knowledge
3.4.5 A Methodological Clarification
References
Chapter 4: The Development and Application of Knowledge
4.1 The Development of Knowledge-Principles and Limitations
4.1.1 Modeling-The Role of Language
4.1.1.1 Natural Languages
4.1.1.2 Formalized Languages-Theories
4.1.2 Stratification-Abstraction Hierarchy
4.1.3 Modularity-The ``Atomic Hypothesis ́́
4.1.4 Emergent Properties
4.2 Issues Related to Knowledge Application
4.2.1 The Limits of Scientificity
4.2.2 Scientism
4.2.3 Experts-The Mystification of Expertise
4.2.4 Researchers, Research, and Innovation
4.2.4.1 Research and Researchers
4.2.4.2 Research and Innovation
References
Part II: Computing, Knowledge and Intelligence
Chapter 5: Physical Phenomena and Computational Processes
5.1 Scientific Knowledge and Computing
5.1.1 Computational Processes and the Experimental Method
5.1.2 Physical Phenomena as Computational Processes
5.2 Comparing Physical Phenomena and Computational Processes
5.2.1 Computation and the Concept of Continuum
5.2.2 Conflicts and Resources in Systems
5.2.3 Time and Synchronization
5.2.4 Why Is the Physical World Comprehensible?
References
Chapter 6: Human vs. Artificial Intelligence
6.1 Human Intelligence Characteristics
6.1.1 Slow and Fast Thinking
6.1.2 Common Sense Intelligence
6.1.3 Cognitive Complexity-The Boundaries of Understanding
6.2 Weak Artificial Intelligence
6.2.1 The Turing Test
6.2.2 Machine Learning and Scientific Knowledge
6.2.3 A New Kind of Knowledge-Prediction Without Understanding
6.3 Beyond Weak Artificial Intelligence-Autonomy
6.3.1 Autonomous Systems
6.3.2 Characteristic Functions and Organization of Autonomous Systems
6.3.3 Should We Trust Autonomous Systems?
6.4 Artificial Intelligence-Threats and Challenges
6.4.1 Hypothetical Risks
6.4.2 Real Risks and Challenges
6.4.2.1 Unemployment
6.4.2.2 Security, Safety, and Risk Management
6.4.2.3 Technological Dependency
References
Part III: Consciousness and Society
Chapter 7: Consciousness
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Part I: For a Gnoseological View of the World
Chapter 2: Fundamental Questions About Knowledge
2.1 Three Key Questions-Why? What? How?
2.2 The Teleological ``Why? ́́
2.3 The Ontological ``What? ́́
2.4 The Gnoseological ``How? ́́
Chapter 3: Information and Knowledge
3.1 The Birth of Informatics
3.2 What Is Information?
3.3 About Computing
3.3.1 Algorithms-Conventional Computers
3.3.2 Neural Networks
3.4 Knowledge and Its Validity
3.4.1 What Is Knowledge?
3.4.2 Types of Knowledge and Their Validity
3.4.3 Scientific Knowledge
3.4.3.1 The Process of Developing Scientific Knowledge
3.4.3.2 On the Nature of Scientific Knowledge
3.4.4 Technical Knowledge
3.4.5 A Methodological Clarification
References
Chapter 4: The Development and Application of Knowledge
4.1 The Development of Knowledge-Principles and Limitations
4.1.1 Modeling-The Role of Language
4.1.1.1 Natural Languages
4.1.1.2 Formalized Languages-Theories
4.1.2 Stratification-Abstraction Hierarchy
4.1.3 Modularity-The ``Atomic Hypothesis ́́
4.1.4 Emergent Properties
4.2 Issues Related to Knowledge Application
4.2.1 The Limits of Scientificity
4.2.2 Scientism
4.2.3 Experts-The Mystification of Expertise
4.2.4 Researchers, Research, and Innovation
4.2.4.1 Research and Researchers
4.2.4.2 Research and Innovation
References
Part II: Computing, Knowledge and Intelligence
Chapter 5: Physical Phenomena and Computational Processes
5.1 Scientific Knowledge and Computing
5.1.1 Computational Processes and the Experimental Method
5.1.2 Physical Phenomena as Computational Processes
5.2 Comparing Physical Phenomena and Computational Processes
5.2.1 Computation and the Concept of Continuum
5.2.2 Conflicts and Resources in Systems
5.2.3 Time and Synchronization
5.2.4 Why Is the Physical World Comprehensible?
References
Chapter 6: Human vs. Artificial Intelligence
6.1 Human Intelligence Characteristics
6.1.1 Slow and Fast Thinking
6.1.2 Common Sense Intelligence
6.1.3 Cognitive Complexity-The Boundaries of Understanding
6.2 Weak Artificial Intelligence
6.2.1 The Turing Test
6.2.2 Machine Learning and Scientific Knowledge
6.2.3 A New Kind of Knowledge-Prediction Without Understanding
6.3 Beyond Weak Artificial Intelligence-Autonomy
6.3.1 Autonomous Systems
6.3.2 Characteristic Functions and Organization of Autonomous Systems
6.3.3 Should We Trust Autonomous Systems?
6.4 Artificial Intelligence-Threats and Challenges
6.4.1 Hypothetical Risks
6.4.2 Real Risks and Challenges
6.4.2.1 Unemployment
6.4.2.2 Security, Safety, and Risk Management
6.4.2.3 Technological Dependency
References
Part III: Consciousness and Society
Chapter 7: Consciousness