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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Setting the Scene
1 Global Water Scarcity and Unconventional Water Resources
1.1 Water Scarcity: Evolution of Concepts
1.2 Water-Scarcity Trends
1.3 Responding to Water Scarcity with Unconventional Water Resources
1.4 Unconventional Water Resources and Water-Related SDGs
1.5 Key Features of the Book
References
Part II Harvesting Water from Air and on the Ground
2 Rain Enhancement Through Cloud Seeding
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History
2.3 Status
2.4 Technological Interventions
2.4.1 Seeding Materials
2.4.2 Transport and Dispersion
2.4.3 Seeding Strategies
2.4.4 Seeding Operation
2.4.5 Response and Impacts of Cloud Seeding
2.5 Could-Seeding Conditions
2.6 Economics
2.7 Redistribution and "Negative Enhancement" of Precipitation
2.8 Environmental Issues
2.9 Planning Rain Enhancement Projects
2.10 Conclusions
References
3 Fog Harvesting
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History
3.3 Technological Interventions
3.3.1 Testing Feasibility: Standard Fog Collectors
3.3.2 Operating Projects: Large Fog Collectors
3.3.3 Considering Efficiency: The CloudFisher
3.3.4 Exploring Designs: Alternative Collectors
3.4 Status
3.5 Major Barriers and Response Options
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Micro-catchment Rainwater Harvesting
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types and Uses of MIWH
4.2.1 Household Systems
4.2.2 Farm and Landscape Systems
4.3 Applications in Dry Environments
4.3.1 Contour Ridges/bunds for the Restoration of Degraded Rangelands
4.3.2 Management of Small Water Harvesting Reservoirs
4.4 Challenges and Potential Response Options
4.4.1 Climate Uncertainties and Storage Cost
4.4.2 Modernization and Technical Capacity
4.4.3 Upstream-Downstream Conflicts
4.4.4 Payment for Environmental Services
4.5 Conclusions
References
Part III Tapping Offshore and Onshore Deep Groundwater
5 Offshore Freshened Groundwater in Continental Shelf Environments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of Offshore Freshened Groundwater Discovery and Utilization
5.3 Occurrence, Distribution, and Volume Estimates of Offshore Freshened Groundwater
5.4 Comparison with Onshore Fresh and Brackish Water Resources
5.5 Mechanisms of Emplacement
5.6 Recent Developments in Offshore Freshened Groundwater Exploration
5.7 Development of Offshore Freshened Groundwater
5.8 Discussion
5.9 Conclusions
References
6 Continental Brackish Groundwater Resources
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Occurrence and Volume Estimates
6.3 Geochemistry
6.4 Timing and Mechanisms of Brackish Water Emplacement
6.5 Geophysical Exploration Methods for Brackish Water Resources
6.6 Discussion
6.7 Conclusions
References
Part IV Reusing Used Water
7 Municipal Wastewater
7.1 Introduction
Foreword
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Setting the Scene
1 Global Water Scarcity and Unconventional Water Resources
1.1 Water Scarcity: Evolution of Concepts
1.2 Water-Scarcity Trends
1.3 Responding to Water Scarcity with Unconventional Water Resources
1.4 Unconventional Water Resources and Water-Related SDGs
1.5 Key Features of the Book
References
Part II Harvesting Water from Air and on the Ground
2 Rain Enhancement Through Cloud Seeding
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History
2.3 Status
2.4 Technological Interventions
2.4.1 Seeding Materials
2.4.2 Transport and Dispersion
2.4.3 Seeding Strategies
2.4.4 Seeding Operation
2.4.5 Response and Impacts of Cloud Seeding
2.5 Could-Seeding Conditions
2.6 Economics
2.7 Redistribution and "Negative Enhancement" of Precipitation
2.8 Environmental Issues
2.9 Planning Rain Enhancement Projects
2.10 Conclusions
References
3 Fog Harvesting
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History
3.3 Technological Interventions
3.3.1 Testing Feasibility: Standard Fog Collectors
3.3.2 Operating Projects: Large Fog Collectors
3.3.3 Considering Efficiency: The CloudFisher
3.3.4 Exploring Designs: Alternative Collectors
3.4 Status
3.5 Major Barriers and Response Options
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Micro-catchment Rainwater Harvesting
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types and Uses of MIWH
4.2.1 Household Systems
4.2.2 Farm and Landscape Systems
4.3 Applications in Dry Environments
4.3.1 Contour Ridges/bunds for the Restoration of Degraded Rangelands
4.3.2 Management of Small Water Harvesting Reservoirs
4.4 Challenges and Potential Response Options
4.4.1 Climate Uncertainties and Storage Cost
4.4.2 Modernization and Technical Capacity
4.4.3 Upstream-Downstream Conflicts
4.4.4 Payment for Environmental Services
4.5 Conclusions
References
Part III Tapping Offshore and Onshore Deep Groundwater
5 Offshore Freshened Groundwater in Continental Shelf Environments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of Offshore Freshened Groundwater Discovery and Utilization
5.3 Occurrence, Distribution, and Volume Estimates of Offshore Freshened Groundwater
5.4 Comparison with Onshore Fresh and Brackish Water Resources
5.5 Mechanisms of Emplacement
5.6 Recent Developments in Offshore Freshened Groundwater Exploration
5.7 Development of Offshore Freshened Groundwater
5.8 Discussion
5.9 Conclusions
References
6 Continental Brackish Groundwater Resources
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Occurrence and Volume Estimates
6.3 Geochemistry
6.4 Timing and Mechanisms of Brackish Water Emplacement
6.5 Geophysical Exploration Methods for Brackish Water Resources
6.6 Discussion
6.7 Conclusions
References
Part IV Reusing Used Water
7 Municipal Wastewater
7.1 Introduction