Intro
Preface
Contents
1 From Representation to Geocomputation: Some Theoretical Accounts of Geographic Information Science
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geographic Representation
1.3 Geocomputation
1.4 Concluding Remarks
References
2 On Holo-spatial Information System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Concept of Holo-spatial Information System
2.3 Object-Oriented Modeling for HSIS
2.4 Information Management Framework of HSIS
2.5 Conclusion and Discussion
References

3 The Virtual Geographic Environments: More than the Digital Twin of the Physical Geographical Environments
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Virtual Geographic Environments
3.2.1 The Definition and Concepts of Virtual Geographic Environments
3.2.2 The Evolution of Virtual Geographic Environments
3.2.3 Features of Virtual Geographic Environments
3.3 Digital Twins
3.3.1 Concepts and Definitions of Digital Twin
3.3.2 Characteristics of Digital Twins
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 Big Remote Sensing Data as Curves
4.1 Introduction

4.2 Traditional Perceptions of Big Remote Sensing Data
4.3 Novel Perceptions of Big Remote Sensing Data
4.4 New Thinking of Big Remote Sensing Data and New Theoretic Frame for Data Processing and Fusion
4.5 Conclusions
References
5 GIScience from Viewpoint of Information Science
5.1 Introduction
5.2 GIScience in Its Current Definitions
5.3 GIScience from the Viewpoint of Information Science
5.4 GIScience as a Branch of Information Science
5.5 Outlook
References
6 Towards Place-Based GIS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Building Blocks Towards Place-Based GIS

6.2.1 Platial Data and Characteristics
6.2.2 Representation and Computational Models of Place
6.2.3 Platial Analysis and Visualization
6.3 Conclusion
References
7 The Bottom-Up Approach and De-mapping Direction of GIS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Motivation and Facilitation for GIS to Incorporate Bottom-Up Methods
7.3 Examples of Bottom-Up Methods
7.4 Concluding Remarks
References
8 The Geography of Geography
8.1 The Questions
8.2 The Exploration
8.2.1 The Data
8.2.2 The Findings
8.3 The Future
References

9 Classification and Description of Geographic Information: A Comprehensive Expression Framework
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Connotation of Geographic Information
9.2.1 Overall Framework
9.2.2 Information Elements for Ternary Space
9.2.3 Seven Dimensions for Geographical Information Description
9.3 Example of the New Geographic Information Description
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 On the Third Law of Geography
10.1 About Laws of Geography
10.2 The Third Law of Geography
10.3 Issues to Address
10.4 Summary
References
11 Human Mobility and the Neighborhood Effect Averaging Problem (NEAP)